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The '''Free European Academy of Sciences (FEAW)''' was a scientific organization founded on July 8, 1976 at the Vrije Hoggeschool in [[Wikipedia:Driebergen|Driebergen]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book| publisher = Urachhaus| isbn = 978-3-87838-609-4| last = Lievegoed| first = Bernhard| title = Wissenschaft und Anthroposophie; Impulse für neue Wege in der Forschung| location = Stuttgart| date = 1989|trans-title=Science and Anthroposophy; Impulses for New Directions in Research}}</ref> The first board members were [[Herbert Hensel]], [[Gerhard Kienle]], [[M. Kriele]], [[B.C.J. Lievegoed]], [[C.J. Zwart]].<ref name=":0" />

The '''Free European Academy of Sciences (FEAW)''' was a scientific organization founded on July 8, 1976 at the [[Vrije Hoggeschool]] in [[Wikipedia:Driebergen|Driebergen]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book| publisher = Urachhaus| isbn = 978-3-87838-609-4| last = Lievegoed| first = Bernhard| title = Wissenschaft und Anthroposophie; Impulse für neue Wege in der Forschung| location = Stuttgart| date = 1989|trans-title=Science and Anthroposophy; Impulses for New Directions in Research}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0018-1560| volume = 24| issue = 2| pages = 247–273| language = en| last = Pritchard| first = Rosalind M. O.| title = Principles and pragmatism in private higher education: examples from Britain and Germany| journal = Higher Education| accessdate = 2022-02-23| date = 1992| url = https://www.academia.edu/48138611/Principles_and_pragmatism_in_private_higher_education_examples_from_Britain_and_Germany}}</ref> The first board members were [[Herbert Hensel]], [[Gerhard Kienle]], [[M. Kriele]], [[B.C.J. Lievegoed]], [[C.J. Zwart]].<ref name=":0" />

B. Lievegoed reports:<blockquote>She set the following topics as her task:

B. Lievegoed reports:<blockquote>It set the following topics as its tasks:

*What are the legal, administrative, and organizational consequences of the principle of freedom of teaching and research?

*What are the legal, administrative, and organizational consequences of the principle of freedom of teaching and research?

*What is a fact in the sense of epistemology and natural science?<ref name=":0" />

*What is a fact in the sense of epistemology and natural science?<ref name=":0" />

</blockquote>It brought together over 60 international university teachers with anthroposophical-anthropological, humanistic concerns. Among them were [[Wikipedia:Anthroposopy|anthroposophically]] motivated university teachers such as Herbert Hensel, [[Gunther Hildebrandt]], [[Wolfgang Blankenburg]] and Bernard Lievegoed as well as international scientists such as the computer specialist [[Wikipedia:Joseph Weizenbaum|Joseph Weizenbaum]], the physiologist [[Wikipedia:Paul Weiss|Paul Weiss]], or Samuel Beecher, who had opposed drug experiments on addicts, prisoners or the mentally handicapped in the USA. In the invitation letter of the FEAW, [[Diether Lauenstein]] formulated:<blockquote>It [the FEAW] brings together scholars who seek the common intellectual basis of their sciences, work against mere [[positivism]], and connect their fields of expertise in an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] way, not only retrospectively.

</blockquote>It brought together over 60 international university teachers with anthroposophical-anthropological, humanistic concerns.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web| language = de| last = Schily| first = Konrad| title = Die Standardisierung ist genau das Mittel, um die Komplexität nicht mehr begreifbar zu machen| accessdate = 2022-02-23| date = 2010-08-01| url = https://www.dreigliederung.de/essays/2010-08-001|access-date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=live|trans-title=Standardization is precisely the means to make complexity no longer comprehensible}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web| language = de| last = Selg| first = Peter| title = Gerhard Kienle| work = Forschungsstelle Kulturimpuls - Biographien Dokumentation| accessdate = 2022-02-23| url = http://biographien.kulturimpuls.org/detail.php?&id=175}}</ref> Among them were [[Wikipedia:Anthroposopy|anthroposophically]] motivated university teachers such as Herbert Hensel, [[Gunther Hildebrandt]], [[Wolfgang Blankenburg]] and Bernard Lievegoed as well as international scientists such as the computer specialist [[Wikipedia:Joseph Weizenbaum|Joseph Weizenbaum]], the physiologist [[Wikipedia:Paul Weiss|Paul Weiss]], or Samuel Beecher, who had opposed drug experiments on addicts, prisoners or the mentally handicapped in the USA.<ref name=":1" /> In the invitation letter of the FEAW, [[Diether Lauenstein]] formulated:<blockquote>It [the FEAW] brings together scholars who seek the common intellectual basis of their sciences, work against mere [[positivism]], and connect their fields of expertise in an [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] way, not only retrospectively.

Although the inviters regard [[Rudolf Steiner]]'s anthroposophy as a fruitful interpretation of the world, they would like to connect in the Academy with all such scholars who pose the question of truth in their science philosophically.</blockquote>The FEAW organized eleven conferences and symposia from 1976 to the end of 1996. The first symposium took place on 25.11.1977 in [[Wikipedia:Herdecke|Herdecke]], [[Wikipedia:Germany|Germany]].

Although the inviters regard [[Rudolf Steiner]]'s anthroposophy as a fruitful interpretation of the world, they would like to connect in the Academy with all such scholars who pose the question of truth in their science philosophically.</blockquote>The FEAW organized eleven conferences and symposia from 1976 to the end of 1996.<ref>{{Cite web| language = nl| last = Gastkemper| first = Michel| title = Opkomst en ondergang (van de Vrije Europese Academie voor Wetenschappen)| work = Antroposofie in de pers| accessdate = 2022-02-23| date = 2008-07-16| url = http://antroposofieindepers.blogspot.de/2008/07/opkomst-en-ondergang.html}}</ref> The first symposium took place on 25.11.1977 in [[Wikipedia:Herdecke|Herdecke]], [[Wikipedia:Germany|Germany]].

In the run-up to the FEAW, a five-day symposium entitled "Menschengemäße Physiologische Wissenschaft und Medizin" ("[[Man-centered Physiological Science and Medicine]]") was held from September 24, 1973, as a result of a connection between Gerhard Kienle and [[Karl-Ernst Schäfer]]. The lectures were published in the volumes "Toward a man-centered science" (1977), "Basis of an Individual Physiology" (1979) and "Individuation Process and Biographical Aspects of Disease" (1979).

In the run-up to the FEAW, a five-day symposium entitled "Menschengemäße Physiologische Wissenschaft und Medizin" ("[[Man-centered Physiological Science and Medicine]]") was held from September 24, 1973,<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Verlag am Goetheanum| isbn = 978-3-7235-1165-7| volume = 1| language = de| last = Selg| first = Peter| title = Gerhard Kienle - Leben und Werk| location = Dornach| date = 2003|pages=506}} quoted after {{Cite web| language = nl| last = Gastkemper| first = Michel| title = Opkomst en ondergang (van de Vrije Europese Academie voor Wetenschappen)| work = Antroposofie in de pers| accessdate = 2022-02-23| date = 2008-07-16| url = http://antroposofieindepers.blogspot.de/2008/07/opkomst-en-ondergang.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3205/zma001269| volume = 36| pages = –61| last1 = Frost| first1 = Katja| last2 = Edelhäuser| first2 = Friedrich| last3 = Hofmann| first3 = Marzellus| last4 = Tauschel| first4 = Diethard| last5 = Lutz| first5 = Gabriele| title = History and development of medical studies at the University of Witten/Herdecke - an example of "continuous reform"| journal = GMS journal for medical education| date = 2019-10-15}}</ref> as a result of a connection between Gerhard Kienle and [[Karl-Ernst Schäfer]].<ref name=":1" /> The lectures were published in the volumes "Toward a man-centered science" (1977)<ref name=":12">{{Cite book| publisher = [[Futura publishing company|Futura Pub. Co.]]| isbn = 978-0-87993-069-1| volume = 1| language = English| last1 = Schaefer| first1 = Karl E| last2 = Hensel| first2 = Herbert| last3 = Brady| first3 = Ronald| title = Toward a man-centered medical science| location = New York| series = New Image of Man and Medicine| date = 1977}} "A portion of the material in this book was presented at the meeting man-centered physiological science and medicine held in Herdecke, Germany, Gemeinnuetziges Krankenhaus, September 24-28, 1973."</ref>, "Basis of an Individual Physiology" (1979)<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = [[Futura publishing company|Futura Pub. Co.]]| isbn = 978-0-87993-106-3| volume = 2| language = English| last1 = Schaefer| first1 = Karl Ernst| last2 = Hildebrandt| first2 = Gunther| last3 = Macbeth| first3 = Norman| title = Basis of an Individual Physiology| location = Mount Kisco New York| series = New Image of Man and Medicine| date = 1979}}</ref> and "Individuation Process and Biographical Aspects of Disease" (1979)<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = [[Futura publishing company|Futura Pub. Co.]]| isbn = 978-0-87993-117-9| volume = 3| language = English| last1 = Schaefer| first1 = Karl Ernst| last2 = Stave| first2 = Uwe| last3 = Blankenburg| first3 = Wolfgang| title = Individuation Process and Biographical Aspects of Disease| location = Mount Kisco New York| series = New Image of Man and Medicine| date = 1979}}</ref>.

A group of FEAW members around Kienle, Lauenstein, Hensel, and Schäfer had been pursuing the idea of founding a university for some time.There was a large overlap in personnel with the Herdecke University Association, which was founded in 1980 and from which the [[Wikipedia:Witten/Herdecke University|University of Witten/Herdecke]] emerged.

A group of FEAW members around Kienle, Lauenstein, Hensel, and Schäfer had been pursuing the idea of founding a university for some time.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> There was a large overlap in personnel with the Herdecke University Association, which was founded in 1980 and from which the [[Wikipedia:Witten/Herdecke University|University of Witten/Herdecke]] emerged.<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0038-7452| issue = 19| language = de| title = Elite für Grundfragen| journal = Der Spiegel| date = 1981-05-03| url = https://www.spiegel.de/politik/elite-fuer-grundfragen-a-58b1e4be-0002-0001-0000-000014332499?context=issue}}</ref>

==References==

==References==