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'''Goethean science''' is the scientific approach that was implicit in the writings of [[Wikipedia:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] and later developed by [[Wikipedia:Rudolf Steiner|Rudolf Steiner]]. It continues to be developed by the Natural Science Section of the School for Spiritual Science with world headquarters at the [[Wikipedia:Goetheanum|Goetheanum]] in [[Wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]] and active local groups around the world<ref>https://science.goetheanum.org/en/</ref>.

'''Goethean science''' is the scientific approach that was implicit in the writings of [[Wikipedia:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] and later developed by [[Rudolf Steiner|Rudolf Steiner]]. It continues to be developed by the Natural Science Section of the School for Spiritual Science with world headquarters at the [[Wikipedia:Goetheanum|Goetheanum]] in [[Wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]] and active local groups around the world<ref>https://science.goetheanum.org/en/</ref>.

===Goethe's Contributions===

===Goethe's Contributions===

Goethe authored several works on science, most notably "The Metamorphosis of Plants" and his "Theory of Color". In these it was implicit that the observer had to simultaneously pay close attention to the actual observed [[phenomenon]] while also emphasizing the importance of what happened in the active observer during this process. Artistic activity and reverence is coupled into this way of science. One tenant of Goethean Science is that it is impossible to completely divorce oneself from the phenomenon being studied. In this sense Goethe is the founder of a truly holistic science<ref>http://www.solidmentalgrace.com/jcms/anthroposophy-and-goethean/35-general-anthroposophic-and-goethean/45-goethean-science.html</ref>. <blockquote>"To grasp the phenomena, to fix them to experiments, to arrange the experiences and know the possible modes of representation of them—the first as attentively, the second as accurately the third as exhaustively as possible and the last with sufficient many-sidedness—demands a moulding of a man’s poor ego, a transformation so great that I never should have believed it possible.” Goethe, Letter to Jacobi.</blockquote><blockquote>“In so far as we make use of our healthy senses, the human being is the most powerful and exact scientific instrument possible.” Goethe</blockquote>Unlike conventional science which considers to be real only that which is measurable (so color in its reality is seen as only a wavelength of light. This is called [[reductionism]].), Goethean science places emphasis on the reality of the phenomenon. <blockquote>These [<nowiki/>[[secondary qualities]]] were held to exist only in the conscious experience of the subject and not to be present as such a part of the object. Thus nature was drastically impoverished. But so too was humanity, for these secondary qualities were thought to be of no significance compared with the [[Primary qualities|primary ones]] which alone were part of nature—a nature which was now [[Reductionism|reduced]] to matter<ref>[[Bortoft H. The Wholeness of Nature—Goethe’s Way of Science. Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1996.]]</ref>.</blockquote>Goethe is most well known for his [[Morphology|morphologic]] work showing that the [[Wikipedia:Intermaxillary bone|intermaxillary bone]] was present in the human [[Wikipedia:Skull|skull]]. Goethe's contemporaries thought that this bone was a notable difference between animals and humans.  

Goethe authored several works on science, most notably "The Metamorphosis of Plants" and his "Theory of Color". In these it was implicit that the observer had to simultaneously pay close attention to the actual observed [[Wikipedia:phenomenon|phenomenon]] while also emphasizing the importance of what happened in the active observer during this process. Artistic activity and reverence is coupled into this way of science. One tenant of Goethean Science is that it is impossible to completely divorce oneself from the phenomenon being studied. In this sense Goethe is the founder of a truly holistic science<ref>http://www.solidmentalgrace.com/jcms/anthroposophy-and-goethean/35-general-anthroposophic-and-goethean/45-goethean-science.html</ref>. <blockquote>"To grasp the phenomena, to fix them to experiments, to arrange the experiences and know the possible modes of representation of them—the first as attentively, the second as accurately the third as exhaustively as possible and the last with sufficient many-sidedness—demands a moulding of a man’s poor ego, a transformation so great that I never should have believed it possible.” Goethe, Letter to Jacobi.</blockquote><blockquote>“In so far as we make use of our healthy senses, the human being is the most powerful and exact scientific instrument possible.” Goethe</blockquote>Unlike conventional science which considers to be real only that which is measurable (so color in its reality is seen as only a wavelength of light. This is called [[Wikipedia:reductionism|reductionism]].), Goethean science places emphasis on the reality of the phenomenon. <blockquote>These [<nowiki/>[[Wikipedia:secondary qualities|secondary qualities]]] were held to exist only in the conscious experience of the subject and not to be present as such a part of the object. Thus nature was drastically impoverished. But so too was humanity, for these secondary qualities were thought to be of no significance compared with the [[Wikipedia:Primary qualities|primary ones]] which alone were part of nature—a nature which was now [[Wikipedia:Reductionism|reduced]] to matter<ref>[[Bortoft H. The Wholeness of Nature—Goethe’s Way of Science. Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1996.]]</ref>.</blockquote>Goethe is most well known for his [[Wikipedia:Morphology|morphologic]] work showing that the [[Wikipedia:Intermaxillary bone|intermaxillary bone]] was present in the human [[Wikipedia:Skull|skull]]. Goethe's contemporaries thought that this bone was a notable difference between animals and humans.  

Goethe also developed the idea of the "Urpflanze"- the key essence of the plant that is essential to all plants. Plant forms were all a transformation of leaf.  

Goethe also developed the idea of the "Urpflanze"- the key essence of the plant that is essential to all plants. Plant forms were all a transformation of leaf.  

===Relevance of Goethean Science to Integrative Medicine===

===Relevance of Goethean Science to Integrative Medicine===

Goethean science is used as a method of finding and developing natural remedies in [[Anthroposophic medicine]]. In physician trainings Goethean science is practiced which involves three elements- self development of the observer, use of artistic modalities to unite with the object studied, and a precise method of describing the phenomenon.<ref>http://kolisko-academy.org/</ref> [[Holistic nursing]] care has also been inspired by Goethean science with an emphasis on [[embodiment]] and [[holism]] in nursing in recent journal articles<ref>[[Mason, D. M. (2014). Holism and Embodiment in Nursing. Holistic Nursing Practice, 28(1), 55–64. doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000010]]</ref>. [[Patch Adam]]'s emphasis on love as a force that fulfills the patient-physician interaction (and the antiquated concepts of [[transferrence]] and [[counter-transferrence]]) also has clear links to Goethean science's main theme that the subject and object are actually part of the same whole and cannot be dealt with as separate abstract entities<ref>https://www.patchadams.org/blog/intelligence-of-love/</ref>. <blockquote></blockquote>

Goethean science is used as a method of finding and developing natural remedies in [[Anthroposophic medicine]]. In physician trainings Goethean science is practiced which involves three elements- self development of the observer, use of artistic modalities to unite with the object studied, and a precise method of describing the phenomenon.<ref>http://kolisko-academy.org/</ref> [[Wikipedia:Holistic nursing|Holistic nursing]] care has also been inspired by Goethean science with an emphasis on [[Wikipedia:embodiment|embodiment]] and [[Wikipedia:holism|holism]] in nursing in recent journal articles<ref>[[Mason, D. M. (2014). Holism and Embodiment in Nursing. Holistic Nursing Practice, 28(1), 55–64. doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000010]]</ref>. [[Patch Adam]]'s emphasis on love as a force that fulfills the patient-physician interaction (and the antiquated concepts of [[transferrence]] and [[counter-transferrence]]) also has clear links to Goethean science's main theme that the subject and object are actually part of the same whole and cannot be dealt with as separate abstract entities<ref>https://www.patchadams.org/blog/intelligence-of-love/</ref>. <blockquote></blockquote>

== References ==

== References ==