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{{Short description|Process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health}}
'''Health promotion''' is, as stated in the 1986 [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) [[Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion]], the "process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/about/HPR%20Glossary%201998.pdf |title=Health Promotion Glossary |publisher=World Health Organization |place=Geneva |page=1}}</ref>
== Scope ==
The [[World Health Organization|WHO]]'s 1986 [https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/129532/Ottawa_Charter.pdf Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion] and then the 2005 [https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/6gchp/hpr_050829_%20BCHP.pdf?ua=1 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World] defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their [[health]] and its determinants, and thereby improve their health".<ref name="WHO2005BangkokPDF">Participants at the 1st Global Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa, Canada, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1986. Accessed 2021 Sept 15.</ref>
Health promotion involves [[public policy]] that addresses [[Social determinants of health|health determinants]] such as income, housing, food security, employment, and quality working conditions. More recent work has used the term [[Health in All Policies]] to refer to the actions that incorporate health into all public policies. Health promotion is aligned with [[health equity]] and can be a focus of [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs) dedicated to social justice or human rights. [[Health literacy]] can be developed in schools, while aspects of health promotion such as [[breastfeeding promotion]] can depend on laws and rules of public spaces. One of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Action items is infusing prevention into all sectors of society, to that end, it is seen in [[preventive healthcare]] rather than a treatment and curative care focused [[medical model]].
There is a tendency among some [[public health]] officials, governments, and the medical industrial complex to reduce health promotion to just developing personal skills, also known as [[health education]] and [[social marketing]] focused on changing behavioral risk factors.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bunton R, Macdonald G |title=Health promotion: disciplines, diversity, and developments |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-23569-3 |edition=2nd}}</ref> However, recent evidence suggests that attitudes about public health policies are less about personal abilities or health messaging than about individuals' philosophical beliefs about morality, politics, and science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byrd|first1=Nick|last2=Białek|first2=Michał|date=2021|title=Your Health vs. My Liberty: Philosophical beliefs dominated reflection and identifiable victim effects when predicting public health recommendation compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Cognition|language=en|volume=212|pages=104649|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104649|pmid=33756152|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==History==
This first publication of health promotion is from the 1974 [[Lalonde report]] from the Government of [[Canada]],<ref name=Minkler1989>{{cite journal |author=Minkler M |title=Health education, health promotion and the open society: an historical perspective |journal=Health Educ Q |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |date=Spring 1989 |pmid=2649456 |doi=10.1177/109019818901600105 |s2cid=10410928 }}</ref> which contained a health promotion strategy "aimed at informing, influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health".<ref>Lalonde M. [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/1974-lalonde/lalonde-eng.pdf A new perspective on the health of Canadians. A working document.] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gbib2ON9?url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/1974-lalonde/lalonde-eng.pdf|date=2009-05-08}} Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1974.</ref> Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 ''Healthy People'' report of the [[Surgeon General of the United States]],<ref name=Minkler1989/> which noted that health promotion "seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help... [people] to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance the state of well-being".<ref>[http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/G/K/_/nnbbgk.pdf Healthy people: the Surgeon General's report on health promotion and disease prevention.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131003907/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/G/K/_/nnbbgk.pdf|date=2009-01-31}} Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General, 1979. DHEW (PHS) Publication No. 79-55071. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
At least two publications led to a "broad empowerment/environmental" definition of health promotion in the mid-1980s:<ref name=Minkler1989/>
* In the year 1984 the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Regional Office for Europe defined health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health".<ref name="WHO1984">{{cite journal|date=May 1986|title=A discussion document on the concept and principles of health promotion|journal=Health Promot|volume=1|issue=1|pages=73–6|doi=10.1093/heapro/1.1.73|pmid=10286854}}</ref> In addition to methods to change lifestyles, the WHO Regional Office advocated "legislation, fiscal measures, organisational change, community development and spontaneous local activities against health hazards" as health promotion methods.<ref name=WHO1984/>
* In 1986, Jake Epp, [[Minister of Health (Canada)|Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare]], released ''Achieving health for all: a framework for health promotion'' which also came to be known as the "Epp report".<ref name=Minkler1989/><ref name="Epp">{{cite journal|author=Epp J|year=1986|title=Achieving health for all. A framework for health promotion|journal=Health Promot|volume=1|issue=4|pages=419–28|doi=10.1093/heapro/1.4.419|pmid=10302169}}</ref> This report defined the three "mechanisms" of health promotion as "self-care"; "mutual aid, or the actions people take to help each other cope"; and "healthy environments".<ref name=Epp/>
* 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, [[Ottawa]], 1986, which resulted in the "[[Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion]]".<ref name="WHO1986Ottawa">[https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320110952/http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html|date=20 March 2012}} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> According to the Ottawa Charter, health promotion:<ref name="WHO1986Ottawa" />
** "is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-being"
** "aims at making... [political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors] favourable through advocacy for health"
** "focuses on achieving [[health equity|equity in health]]"
** "demands coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social organizations."
The "American" definition of health promotion, first promulgated by the ''American Journal of Health Promotion'' in the late 1980s, focuses more on the delivery of services with a bio-behavioral approach rather than environmental support using a settings approach. Later the power on the environment over behavior was incorporated. The [https://academic.oup.com/heapro/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapro/daaa157/6211341 Health Promotion Glossary 2021] reinforces the international 1986 definition.
The WHO, in collaboration with other organizations, has subsequently co-sponsored international conferences including the 2015 [https://www.healthpromotingcampuses.org/okanagan-charter Okanagan Charter on Health Promotion Universities and Colleges].
In November 2019, researchers reported, based on an international study of 27 countries, that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide.<ref name="EA-20191126">{{cite news |author=Arizona State University |title=Caring for family is what motivates people worldwide - International study including 27 countries shows people prioritize loved ones over everything else |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/asu-cff112619.php |date=26 November 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=30 November 2019 |author-link=Arizona State University }}</ref><ref name="PA-20190714">{{cite journal |author=Ko, Ahra |display-authors=et al. |title=Family Matters: Rethinking the Psychology of Human Social Motivation |url=https://psyarxiv.com/u8h3x/ |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science |year=2020 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=173–201 |doi=10.1177/1745691619872986 |pmid=31791196 |s2cid=208611389 |access-date=30 November 2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Settings-Based Approach ==
The WHO's settings approach to health promotion, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200725034449/https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/healthy-settings/en/ Healthy Settings], looks at the settings as individual systems that link community participation, equity, empowerment, and partnership to actions that promote health. According to the WHO, a setting is "the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing."<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} The WHO Health Promotion Glossary|url=https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/HPG/en/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=WHO}}{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> There are 11 recognized settings in this approach: cities, villages, municipalities and communities, schools, workplaces, markets, homes, islands, hospitals, prisons, and universities.
=== Health Promoting Hospitals ===
Health promotion in the hospital setting aims to increase health gain by supporting the health of patients, staff, and the community. This is achieved by integrating health promotion concepts, strategies, and values into the culture and organizational structure of the hospital. Specifically, this means setting up a management structure, involving medical and non-medical staff in health promotion communication, devising action plans for health promotion policies and projects, and measuring and measuring health outcomes and impact for staff, patients, and the community.
The [[International Network of Health Promoting Hospitals and Health Services]] is the official, international network for the promotion and dissemination of principles, standards, and recommendations for health promotion in the hospital and health services settings.
===Workplace Setting===
{{Main|Workplace health promotion}}
The process of health promotion works in all settings and sectors where people live, work, play and love. A common setting is the workplace. The focus of health on the work site is that of prevention and the intervention that reduces the health risks of the employee. The U.S. Public Health Service recently{{When|date=October 2021}} issued a report titled "Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General" which provides a comprehensive review of the available scientific evidence about the relationship between physical activity and an individual's health status. The report shows that over 60% of Americans are not regularly active and that 25% are not active at all. There is very strong evidence linking physical activity to numerous health improvements. Health promotion can be performed in various locations. Among the settings that have received special attention are the community, [[health care provider|health care facilities]], schools, and worksites.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Tones K, Tilford S |title=Health promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity |publisher=Nelson Thornes |location=Cheltenham UK |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7487-4527-2 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Worksite health promotion, also known by terms such as "workplace health promotion", has been defined as "the combined efforts of employers, employees and society to improve the health and well-being of people at work".<ref>European Network for Workplace Health Promotion. [http://www.enwhp.org/index.php?id=57 Workplace health promotion.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118180555/http://www.enwhp.org/index.php?id=57 |date=2007-11-18 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/workplace/en/index1.html Workplace health promotion. Benefits.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203145634/http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/workplace/en/index1.html |date=2008-12-03 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> WHO states that the workplace "has been established as one of the priority settings for health promotion into the 21st century" because it influences "physical, mental, economic and social well-being" and "offers an ideal setting and infrastructure to support the promotion of health of a large audience".<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/workplace/en/ Workplace health promotion. The workplace: a priority setting for health promotion.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204072432/http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/workplace/en/ |date=2008-12-04 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
Worksite health promotion programs (also called "workplace health promotion programs", "worksite wellness programs", or "workplace wellness programs") include exercise, [[nutrition]], smoking cessation and stress management.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Regular physical activity is one of the most effective disease prevention behaviors."<ref>{{Cite web|title = CDC - Workplace Health - Implementation - Physical Activity|url = https://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/implementation/topics/physical-activity.html|website = www.cdc.gov|access-date = 2015-09-27|first = Centers for Disease Control and|last = Prevention|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017051030/http://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/implementation/topics/physical-activity.html|archive-date = 2015-10-17}}</ref> Physical activity programs reduce feelings of anxiety and depression, reduce obesity (especially when combined with an improved diet), reduce risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes; and finally improve stamina, strength, and energy.
Reviews and [[meta-analysis|meta-analyses]] published between 2005 and 2008 that examined the scientific literature on worksite health promotion programs include the following:
* A review of 13 studies published through January 2004 showed "strong evidence... for an effect on dietary intake, inconclusive evidence for an effect on physical activity, and no evidence for an effect on health risk indicators".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Engbers LH, van Poppel MN, Chin A, Paw MJ, van Mechelen W |title=Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: a systematic review |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15958254 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.03.001 }}</ref>
* In the most recent of a series of updates to a review of "comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite," Pelletier (2005) noted "positive clinical and cost outcomes" but also found declines in the number of relevant studies and their quality.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pelletier KR |title=A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: update VI 2000–2004 |journal=J. Occup. Environ. Med. |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1051–8 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16217246 |doi=10.1097/01.jom.0000174303.85442.bf|s2cid=30828898 }}</ref>
* A "meta-evaluation" of 56 studies published 1982–2005 found that worksite health promotion produced on average a decrease of 26.8% in sick leave absenteeism, a decrease of 26.1% in health costs, a decrease of 32% in workers’ compensation costs and disability management claims costs, and a cost-benefit ratio of 5.81.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman LS |title=Meta-evaluation of worksite health promotion economic return studies: 2005 update |journal=Am J Health Promot |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=1–11 |year=2005 |pmid=16022209 |url=http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/meta%20evaluation%20of%20worksite%20health%20promotion.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207080035/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/meta%20evaluation%20of%20worksite%20health%20promotion.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-07 |doi=10.4278/0890-1171-19.4.TAHP-1 }}</ref>
* A meta-analysis of 46 studies published in 1970–2005 found moderate, statistically significant effects of work health promotion, especially exercise, on "work ability" and "overall well-being"; furthermore, "sickness absences seem to be reduced by activities promoting a healthy lifestyle".<ref name=Kuoppala>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuoppala J, Lamminpää A, Husman P |title=Work health promotion, job well-being, and sickness absences—a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J. Occup. Environ. Med. |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=1216–27 |date=November 2008 |pmid=19001948 |doi=10.1097/JOM.0b013e31818dbf92 |s2cid=7330866 }}</ref>
* A meta-analysis of 22 studies published 1997–2007 determined that workplace health promotion interventions led to "small" reductions in depression and anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin A, Sanderson K, Cocker F |title=Meta-analysis of the effects of health promotion intervention in the workplace on depression and anxiety symptoms |journal=Scand J Work Environ Health |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=7–18 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19065280 |doi=10.5271/sjweh.1295 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A review of 119 studies suggested that successful work site health-promotion programs have attributes such as: assessing employees' health needs and tailoring programs to meet those needs; attaining high participation rates; promoting [[self care]]; targeting several health issues simultaneously; and offering different types of activities (e.g., group sessions as well as printed materials).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goetzel RZ, Ozminkowski RJ |title=The health and cost benefits of work site health-promotion programs |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=29 |pages=303–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18173386 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090930 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
A study conducted by the [[World Health Organization]] and the [[International Labour Organization]] found that exposure to long working hours is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pega |first1=Frank |last2=Nafradi |first2=Balint|last3=Momen |first3=Natalie |last4=Ujita |first4=Yuka |last5=Streicher |first5=Kai |last6=Prüss-Üstün |first6=Annette |last7=Technical Advisory Group |title=Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury |journal=Environment International |date=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 |pmc=8204267 |pmid=34011457 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This landmark study established a new global policy argument and agenda for health promotion on psychosocial risk factors (including psychosocial stress) in the workplace setting.
==Entities and projects by country==
Worldwide, government agencies (such as [[health department]]s) and [[non-governmental organization]]s have substantial efforts in the area of health promotion. Some of these entities and projects are:
===International and multinational===
The WHO and its Regional Offices such as the [[Pan American Health Organization]] are influential in health promotion around the world.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kickbusch I |title=The contribution of the World Health Organization to a new public health and health promotion |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=383–8 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12604477 |pmc=1447748 |url=|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.3.383}}</ref> The main eight health promotion campaigns marked by WHO are [[World Health Day]], [[World Tuberculosis Day]], [[World Blood Donor Day]], [[World Immunization Week]], [[World Malaria Day]], [[World No Tobacco Day]], [[World Hepatitis Day]] and [[World AIDS Day]].<ref>World Health Organization, [https://www.who.int/campaigns/en WHO campaigns.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422122948/http://www.who.int/campaigns/en/ |date=2016-04-22 }}</ref> The WHO also reviews and endorses terminology including the [https://academic.oup.com/heapro/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapro/daaa157/6211341 Health Promotion Glossary 2021].
The International Union for Health Promotion and Education, based in France, holds international, regional, and national conferences.<ref>[http://www.iuhpe.org International Union for Health Promotion and Education.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127005432/http://www.iuhpe.org/ |date=2006-11-27 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>Cheung, Robin. Overall health and wellbeing deserves more than lip service. South China Morning Post 2007 Jul 7.</ref>
The European Union is co-funding a Joint Action on Chronic Diseases and Healthy Ageing across the Life Cycle (JA-CHRODIS) with a strong focus on health promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chrodis.eu/|title=CHRODIS - Joint Action on Chronic Diseases|website=CHRODIS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613025357/http://www.chrodis.eu/|archive-date=2015-06-13}}</ref>
===Australia===
The Australian Health Promotion Association, a [[professional body]], was incorporated in the year 1988.<ref>Australian Health Promotion Association. [http://healthpromotion.org.au/aboutus.html Providing knowledge, resources and perspective.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125091319/http://healthpromotion.org.au/aboutus.html |date=2009-01-25 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> In November 2008, the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission released a paper recommending a national health promotion agency.<ref>Cresswell, Adam. [https://archive.today/20120913080715/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24614658-2702,00.html Plan for agency to prevent illness.] The Australian 2008 Nov 7. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> ACT Health of the Australian Capital Territory supports health promotion with funding and information dissemination.<ref>[http://www.healthpromotion.act.gov.au ACT Health Promotion. Online support for health promotion workers in the ACT.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210030031/http://www.healthpromotion.act.gov.au/ |date=2007-02-10 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> The [[Victorian Health Promotion Foundation]] (VicHealth) from [[Victoria (Australia)|the state of Victoria]] is "the world's first health promotion foundation to be funded by a tax on tobacco."<ref>[http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/About-VicHealth.aspx About VicHealth.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223073229/http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/About-VicHealth.aspx |date=2008-12-23 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> The Australian Government has come up with some initiatives to help Australians achieve a healthy lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/|title = Healthy Active|date = 18 February 2015|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = A Healthy and Active Australia|publisher = Department of Health|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150328080728/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/|archive-date = 28 March 2015}}</ref> These initiatives are:
* Get Set 4 Life - Habits for Healthy Kids<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/getset4life-index|title = Health Active|date = 2 April 2009|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = Get Set for Life - Habits for Healthy Kids|publisher = Australian Government|last = Health|first = Department of|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411170508/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/getset4life-index|archive-date = 11 April 2015}}</ref>
* The Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/kitchen-garden|title = Healthy Active|date = 8 August 2014|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program|publisher = Australian Government|last = Health|first = Department of|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411044711/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/kitchen-garden|archive-date = 11 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.kitchengardenfoundation.org.au/|title = Kitchen Garden Foundation|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = Kitchen Garden Foundation|publisher = Australian Government|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150330145248/https://www.kitchengardenfoundation.org.au/|archive-date = 30 March 2015}}</ref>
* Healthy Spaces and Places<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/healthy-spaces-index|title = Healthy Active|date = 12 August 2009|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = Healthy Spaces and Places|publisher = Australian Government|last = Health|first = Department of|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411170517/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/healthy-spaces-index|archive-date = 11 April 2015}}</ref>
* Learning from Successful Community Obesity Initiative
* Healthy Weight information and resources.
Health Promotion is strong and well-established in Australia. Since 2008 there has been a number of graduate courses people can take to be involved within Health Promotion in Australia. The government since 2008 has included an initiative that involves the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island citizens in the preventive health sector.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wise|first=Marilyn|date=19 November 2008|title=Health Promotion in Australia|url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/health-promotion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207084458/https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/health-promotion|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2021|journal=Reviewing the Past and Looking to the Future|volume=18|issue=4|pages=497–508|doi=10.1080/09581590802503068|s2cid=153448256|via=}}</ref>
==== Health Promotion In Australian Schools ====
School programs are based on curriculum documents from state and territorial councils. Schools mainly focus on health issues that are being supported by funding and special events. Funding for many health issues are the main basis for the school curriculum's subject of health.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = School based health promotion across Australia|last = Marshall|first = BJ|date = 2 March 2012|journal = Journal of School Health|doi = 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07430.x|pmid = 10937375|volume=70|issue = 6|pages=251–252|s2cid = 6906439|url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d3486d3b0ff6b1d8679e21fc1bf0ac2c13ddbe68}}</ref>
==== Health Promotion for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Citizens ====
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island citizens in Australia in the last couple of centuries have had poor health. The reason behind the poor health conditions is due to major events in the history of Australia. There is an increasing advancement in the promotion of health for Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal citizens, but this cannot be achieved without the co-operation of non-indigenous Australians. For this health promotion to be a success, the citizens of Australia need to put the history between non-indigenous and indigenous citizens behind them and co-operate as equals.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://ped.sagepub.com.ipacez.nd.edu.au/content/4/3/22.full.pdf|title = Global Health Promotion|last = Angus|first = S|date = 1997|journal = Promoting the Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island People: Issues for the Future|doi = 10.1177/102538239700400313|pmid = 9438303|access-date = 7 April 2015|volume=4|issue = 3|pages=22–24|s2cid = 36433775}}</ref>
===Canada===
The province of [[Ontario]] appointed a health promotion minister to lead its [[Ministry of Health Promotion (Ontario)|Ministry of Health Promotion]] in the year of 2005.<ref>Benzie, Robert. Obesity now on Ontario hit list — Health promotion minister's new job. Toronto Star 2005 Jul 14.</ref>
The Ministry's vision is to enable Ontarians to lead healthy, active lives and make the province a healthy, prosperous place to live, work, play, learn and visit. Ministry of Health Promotion sees that its fundamental goals are to promote and encourage Ontarians to make healthier choices at all ages and stages of life, to create healthy and supportive environments, lead the development of healthy public policy, and assist with embedding behaviours that promote health.<ref>Ministry of Health Promotion [http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/resultsplan/results-09-10.asp Results-Based Plan 2009-10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810215531/http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/resultsplan/results-09-10.asp |date=2009-08-10 }}</ref>
The [[Canadian Health Network]] was a "reliable, non-commercial source of online information about how to stay healthy and prevent disease" that was discontinued in 2007.<ref>Goar C. [https://www.thestar.com/comment/article/276891 Conservatives axe health network.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123040737/http://www.thestar.com/comment/article/276891 |date=2013-01-23 }} Toronto Star 2007 Nov 16. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
The BC Coalition for Health Promotion is "a grassroots, voluntary non-profit society dedicated to the advancement of health promotion in [[British Columbia]]".<ref>BC Coalition for Health Promotion. [http://www.vcn.bc.ca/bchpc/who.html Who we are.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925072148/http://www.vcn.bc.ca/bchpc/who.html |date=2007-09-25 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
===Ireland===
==== Health Promotion Research in Ireland ====
The Health Promotion Research Centre (HPRC) at the [[NUI Galway|National University of Ireland Galway]] was established in 1990 with support from the [[Department of Health (Ireland)|Department of Health]] to conduct health promotion related research on issues relevant to health promotion in an Irish context. The Centre is unique in that it is the only designated research centre in Ireland dedicated to health promotion. It produces high quality research of national and international significance that supports the development of best practice and policy in the promotion of health. The Centre is a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion Research, has an active multidisciplinary research programme, and collaborates with regional, national and international agencies on the development and evaluation of health promotion interventions and strategies.
Objectives of the HPRC include:
* The generation and dissemination of health promotion research that is of national and international relevance.
* The translation of research that will lead to the development of healthy public policy and evidence-informed practice.
===New Zealand===
The Health Promotion Forum (HPF) of New Zealand is the national umbrella organization of over 150 organisations committed to improving health.<ref>[http://www.hpforum.org.nz/ Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218083314/http://www.hpforum.org.nz/ |date=2009-02-18 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wise M, Signal L |title=Health promotion development in Australia and New Zealand |journal=Health Promot Int |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=237–248 |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/heapro/15.3.237 |doi-access=free }}</ref> HPF has worked with The Cancer Society in order to produce a personal development plan for health promoters, which may be helpful to perform personal development reviews, to identify the competencies of individuals and to provide ideas for future development.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.hauora.co.nz/competencies.html|title = HP Competencies|date = 2014|access-date = 2015-04-16|website = Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand|last = Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150415130856/http://www.hauora.co.nz/competencies.html|archive-date = 2015-04-15}}</ref>
The Health Promotion Agency (HPA), formed July 1, 2012, is a Crown Agency established under the [[New Zealand Public Health and Disability Amendment Act 2012]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2012/0041/latest/DLM4047310.html|title=New Zealand Public Health and Disability Amendment Act 2012 No 41, Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation|website=www.legislation.govt.nz|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124233/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2012/0041/latest/DLM4047310.html|archive-date=2015-12-22}}</ref> Its board has been appointed by the Minister of Health.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Who we are {{!}} HPA - Health promotion agency|url = http://www.hpa.org.nz/who-we-are|website = www.hpa.org.nz|access-date = 2015-04-16|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508002814/http://www.hpa.org.nz/who-we-are|archive-date = 2015-05-08}}</ref> The work of HPA is divided into three main areas:
* Promoting the wellbeing and health of the community
* Enabling health promoting initiatives and environments
* Informing the public on health promoting policies and practices<ref>{{Cite web|title = How we work {{!}} HPA - Health promotion agency|url = http://www.hpa.org.nz/how-we-work|website = www.hpa.org.nz|access-date = 2015-04-16|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084945/http://www.hpa.org.nz/how-we-work|archive-date = 2015-05-08}}</ref>
HPA has a variety of programs based around many areas of work, including alcohol, immunisation, mental health, and skin cancer prevention. The agency aims to promote the wellbeing of individuals and encourage healthy lifestyles, prevent disease, illness and injury, enable environments that support health and wellbeing, and to reduce personal, economic and social harm.<ref>{{Cite web|title = What we do {{!}} HPA - Health promotion agency|url = http://www.hpa.org.nz/what-we-do|website = www.hpa.org.nz|access-date = 2015-04-16|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150507074712/http://www.hpa.org.nz/what-we-do|archive-date = 2015-05-07}}</ref>
Health Workforce New Zealand (HWNZ) is an organisation that is part of the National Health Board which provides national leadership on the development of the health workforce.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Home {{!}} Health Workforce NZ|url = http://healthworkforce.health.govt.nz/|website = healthworkforce.health.govt.nz|access-date = 2015-04-16|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025710/http://healthworkforce.health.govt.nz/|archive-date = 2015-04-12}}</ref> Some health promotional programs supported by HWNZ include education and training initiatives, and the Voluntary Bonding Scheme, which rewards medical, midwifery and nursing graduates who agree to work in hard-to-staff communities, and sonography, medical physicist and radiation therapy graduates who stay in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/health-workforce|title = Health Workforce New Zealand|date = 3 February 2015|access-date = 2015-04-16|website = New Zealand Ministry of Health|last = New Zealand Ministry of Health|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150329183006/http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/health-workforce|archive-date = 29 March 2015}}</ref>
Health promotion in New Zealand has become an established approach in addressing public problems since the 1980s, through increasing use of intersectoral action, the use of public policy and mass media as promotional strategies, and the increasing control Maori have taken over the provision and purchase of health promotion services.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Health promotion development in Australia and New Zealand|last1 = Wise|first1 = Marilyn|date = 2000|journal = Health Promotion International|doi = 10.1093/heapro/15.3.237|last2 = Signal|first2 = Louise|volume = 15|issue = 3|pages = 237–248|doi-access = free}}</ref> An example of health promotional initiatives is the action put in place to reduce [[childhood obesity]] in primary schools. Research was completed to identify the barriers to improving school food environments and promoting healthy nutrition in primary schools in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Identifying barriers to promoting healthy nutrition in New Zealand primary schools|journal = Health Education Journal|year=2010|issn = 0017-8969|pages = 84–94|volume = 69|issue = 1|doi = 10.1177/0017896910363152|first1 = Mat|last1 = Walton|first2 = Jordan|last2 = Waiti|first3 = Louise|last3 = Signal|first4 = George|last4 = Thomson|s2cid = 72932836}}</ref>
Considerable progress has also been made in the health impact assessment (HIA) research on the impact of policies on health in New Zealand. The approach has an important contribution to make in the strengthening of health and wellbeing in policymaking in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj29/29-pages-17-31.pdf|title = Strengthening health, wellbeing and equity: Embedding policy-level HIA in New Zealand|last1 = Singal|first1 = Louise|date = 2006|journal = Social Policy Journal of New Zealand|access-date = 2015-04-16|last2 = Langford|first2 = Barbara|last3 = Quigley|first3 = Rob|last4 = Ward|first4 = Martin|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160211063048/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj29/29-pages-17-31.pdf|archive-date = 2016-02-11}}</ref>
===Sri Lanka===
In 2015, the life expectancy of Sri Lankan people was 72 for male and 78 for female.<ref>World Health Organization. Sri Lanka. World Health Organization. 2016. Available at: {{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/countries/lka/en/ |title=WHO | Sri Lanka |access-date=2016-10-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013012043/http://who.int/countries/lka/en/ |archive-date=2016-10-13 }}. Accessed October 8, 2016.</ref> The disease burden has started to shift towards [[non-communicable disease]]s related to lifestyle and environmental factors.<ref>World Health Organization. SriLanka:WHOstatisticalprofile. Whoint. 2015. Available at: {{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/countries/lka.pdf?ua=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-02-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195540/http://www.who.int/gho/countries/lka.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=2015-02-03 }}. Accessed October 8, 2016.</ref> The 2012 estimated "healthy life expectancy" at birth of all Sri Lanka's population is 68 for females, 63 for males, and 65 overall.<ref>United Nations Statistics Division. UNdata : record view : Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years). Dataunorg. 2016. Available at: {{cite web|title=UNdata | record view | Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years)|url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=hale&d=WHO&f=MEASURE_CODE%3AWHOSIS_000002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305045337/http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=hale&d=WHO&f=MEASURE_CODE%3AWHOSIS_000002|archive-date=2017-03-05|access-date=2016-10-08}}. Accessed October 8, 2016.</ref>
The development of the Sri Lankan National Health Promotion Policy is related to the State Policy and Strategy for Health and the Health Master Plan 2007–2016. It emphasises advocacy and empowerment to enable individuals and communities to take control of their own health, as well as improving the management of health promotion interventions across sectors.<ref>Sri Lanka National Health Promotion Policy</ref>
===Sweden===
In Sweden, on a national level, health promotion is primarily the responsibility of the Public Health Agency of Sweden.<ref>"Definitioner, mål, ramverk och uppföljningssystem för miljörelaterad hälsa". (In Swedish). Public Health Agency of Sweden. Accessed: 7 November 2018. URL: https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/publicerat-material/publikationsarkiv/d/definitioner-mal-ramverk-och-uppfoljningssystem-for-miljorelaterad-halsa-/?pub=53919</ref> However, many regional initiatives exist, for example, within clinical health promotion programs in certain geographical areas.<ref>"Definitioner och perspektiv". (In Swedish). Västra Götalandsregionen och Institutet för stressmedicin. Accessed: 7 November 2018. URL: https://www.vgregion.se/ov/ism/halsa-och-arbetsmiljo/halsoframjande-arbetsplats/definitioner-och-perspektiv/</ref> Health promotion is also highlighted by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare as the agency suggests this to be a component in health professionals' curriculum and training, which concerns, for example, Registered Nurses and Physicians.<ref>"Hälsofrämjande arbete – i praktiken". (In Swedish).The National Board of Health and Welfare. Accessed: 7 November 2018. URL: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/lakarnas-st/sokkursamnenst/halsoframjandearbeteipraktiken</ref>
Many health promotion initiatives in Sweden focus on health equity and thus focus on groups in society that have seen to be experiencing poorer health status. For example, a Swedish study suggest that health promotion interventions aiming at empowering adolescents in disadvantaged communities, should enable active learning activities, use visualizing tools to facilitate self-reflection, and allow the adolescents to influence the intervention activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Holmberg|first1=Christopher|last2=Larsson|first2=Christel|last3=Korp|first3=Peter| last4=Lindgren|first4=Eva-Carin|last5=Jonsson|first5=Linus|last6=Fröberg|first6=Andreas|last7=Chaplin|first7=John E.|last8=Berg|first8=Christina|date=2018-07-04|title=Empowering aspects for healthy food and physical activity habits: adolescents' experiences of a school-based intervention in a disadvantaged urban community|journal=International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being|volume=13|issue=sup 1|pages=1487759|doi=10.1080/17482631.2018.1487759|pmid=29972679|pmc=6032021}}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
The [[Royal Society for Public Health]] was formed in October 2008 by the merger of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (also known as the Royal Society of Health or RSH) and the [[Royal Institute of Public Health]] (RIPH).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.rsph.org.uk|title = Royal Society of Public Health|access-date = 23 August 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160730223947/https://www.rsph.org.uk/|archive-date = 30 July 2016}}</ref> Earlier, July 2005 saw the publication by the Department of Health and Welsh Assembly Government of Shaping the Future of Public Health: Promoting Health in the NHS.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} Following discussions with the Department of Health and Welsh Assembly Government officials, the Royal Society for Public Health and three national public health bodies agreed, in 2006, to work together to take forward the report's recommendations, working in partnership with other organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.fitnesstipsweb.com|title = Fitness Tips|access-date = 23 August 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160922233804/http://www.fitnesstipsweb.com/|archive-date = 22 September 2016}}</ref> Accordingly:
# The Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) leads and hosts the collaboration, and focuses on advocacy for health promotion and its workforce;
# The Institute of Health Promotion and Education (IHPE) works with the RSPH [[Royal Society for Public Health]] to give a voice to the workforce;
# The Faculty of Public Health (FPH) focuses on professional standards, education and training; and
# The UK Public Health Register (UKPHR) is responsible for the regulation of the workforce.
In [[Northern Ireland]], the government's Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland was set up to "provide leadership, strategic direction and support, where possible, to all those involved in promoting health in Northern Ireland". The Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland was incorporated into the Public Health Agency for Northern Ireland in April 2009.<ref>Public Health Agency for Northern Ireland [http://www.publichealth.hscni.net/about-us/ HSC About Us (accessed 23 January 2012)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229201252/http://www.publichealth.hscni.net/about-us |date=29 December 2011 }}</ref>
Recent work in the UK ''(Delphi consultation exercise due to be published late 2009 by Royal Society of Public Health and the National Social Marketing Centre)'' on the relationship between health promotion and social marketing has highlighted and reinforced the potential integrative nature of the approaches. While an independent review (NCC 'It's Our Health!' 2006) identified that some social marketing has in the past adopted a narrow or limited approach, the UK has increasingly taken a lead in the discussion and developed a much more integrative and strategic approach.<ref>Strategic Social Marketing in 'Social Marketing and Public Health' 2009 Oxford Press</ref> This development adopts a holistic approach, integrating the learning from effective health promotion approaches with relevant learning from social marketing and other disciplines. A key finding from the Delphi consultation was the need to avoid unnecessary and arbitrary 'methods wars' and instead focus on the issue of 'utility' and harnessing the potential of learning from multiple disciplines and sources. Such an approach is arguably how health promotion has developed over the years pulling in learning from different sectors and disciplines to enhance and develop.
===United States===
In the United States, one of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Actions, developing personal skills, is the core of Health Education and quite often Health education is confused for the whole of Health Promotion Government agencies in the U.S. concerned with health promotion include the following:
* The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] has a Coordinating Center for Health Promotion whose mission is to "Prevent disease, improve health, and enhance human potential through evidence based interventions and research in maternal and child health, chronic disease, disabilities, genomics, and hereditary disorders".<ref>Smith, Sandy. [http://ehstoday.com/ar/ehs_imp_37020/ The CDC reorganization and its impact on NIOSH.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710173459/http://ehstoday.com/ar/ehs_imp_37020/ |date=2011-07-10 }} EHS Today 2004 May 28. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/cchp/about.htm About CDC's Coordinating Center for Health Promotion.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508163116/http://www.cdc.gov/cchp/about.htm |date=2009-05-08 }} 2008 Jul 2. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
* The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] has developed [[Total Worker Health]], a strategy incorporating elements of [[occupational safety and health]] and health promotion, to advance the health and well-being of employees.<ref>The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/TWH/totalhealth.html What is Total Worker Health?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618024829/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/TWH/totalhealth.html |date=2017-06-18 }} Accessed 2012 Oct 25.</ref>
* The [[United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine]] "provide[s] worldwide technical support for implementing preventive medicine, public health, and health promotion/wellness services into all aspects of America's Army and the Army Community".<ref>U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. [http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/aboutus.asp About USACHPPM.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217201236/http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/aboutus.asp |date=2009-02-17 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
Nongovernmental organizations in the U.S. concerned with health promotion include:
* The [[Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section]] is an active component of the [[American Public Health Association]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=McQueen DV, Kickbusch I |title=Health and modernity: the role of theory in health promotion |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-37757-5 |page=15 }}</ref>
* The [[National Commission for Health Education Credentialing]] offers the Certified Health Education Specialist and Master Certified Health Education Specialist examination, a competency-based tool used to measure possession, application and interpretation of knowledge in the Seven Areas of Responsibility for health education specialists. The exam reflects the entry-level sub-competencies of these areas of responsibility. In the [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MMPJxpKCDYiLJ-oUv4ZqR4BNE2VhGURc/view 2020 Health Education and Promotion Terminology Report] document health promotion is defined by Green & Kreuter as "any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory, or organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities"<ref>Green & Kreuter, 2005, p. G-4).</ref> This is an activity-based definition rather than the process-based definition from the foundational WHO Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986) and dominate in everywhere except the US.
* The Wellness Council of America is an [[industry trade group]] that supports workplace health promotion programs.<ref>Wellness Council of America. [http://www.welcoa.org/presskit/index.php WELCOA overview.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108115020/http://www.welcoa.org/presskit/index.php |date=2002-11-08 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>Hobart honored as state's first "well city." Wellness Council of America honors city for promoting safe workplaces. ''Post-Tribune'' (IN) 2000 Oct 16.</ref>
* [[URAC]] (Utilization Review Accreditation Commission) accredits comprehensive wellness programs "that focus on health promotion, chronic disease prevention and health risk reduction".<ref>[http://www.urac.org/press/cmsDocument.aspx?id=617 URAC announces accreditation standards for Comprehensive Wellness programs.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132507/http://www.urac.org/press/cmsDocument.aspx?id=617 |date=2011-07-19 }} Washington, D.C.: URAC, 2008 Nov 19. At Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Breastfeeding promotion]]
* [[Health 21]]
* [[Health for all]]
* [[Health marketing]]
* [[Health policy]]
* [[Health promoting hospitals]]
* [[Health promotion in higher education]]
* [[Preventive healthcare]]
{{colend}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Taylor RB, Ureda JR, Denham JW |title=Health promotion: principles and clinical applications |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |location=Norwalk CT |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8385-3670-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionp0000unse }}
* {{cite book |author=Dychtwald K |title=Wellness and health promotion for the elderly |publisher=Aspen Systems |location=Rockville MD |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87189-238-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/wellnesshealthpr00dych }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Green LW, Lewis FM |title=Measurement and evaluation in health education and health promotion |publisher=Mayfield |location=Palo Alto CA |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87484-481-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/measurementevalu0000gree }}
* {{cite book |author=Teague ML |title=Health promotion programs: achieving high-level wellness in the later years |publisher=Benchmark Press |location=Indianapolis |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-936157-08-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionp00teag }}
* {{cite book |author=Heckheimer E |title=Health promotion of the elderly in the community |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7216-2136-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotiono0000heck }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Fogel CI, Lauver D |title=Sexual health promotion |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7216-3799-0 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Hawe P, Degeling D, Hall J |title=Evaluating health promotion: a health worker's guide |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-86433-067-3 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Dines A, Cribb A |title=Health promotion: concepts and practice |publisher=Blackwell Science |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-632-03543-4 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Downie RS, Tannahill C, Tannahill A |title=Health promotion: models and values |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-262592-2 |edition=2nd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionm0000down_m0a1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Seedhouse, David |title=Health promotion: philosophy, practice, and prejudice |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-471-93910-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Bracht NF |title=Health promotion at the community level: new advances |publisher=SAGE |location=Thousand Oaks |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7619-1844-8 |edition=2nd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotiona0000unse_e5n8 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Green LW, Kreuter MW |title=Health promotion planning: an educational and ecological approach |publisher=Mayfield |location=Mountain View CA |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7674-0524-9 |edition=3rd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionp0000gree }}
* Mittelmark, M; Kickbusch, I; Rootman, I; Scriven, A and Tones, K. (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&pg=PA631 Health Promotion]<!-- Pls confirm correct entry/book --> Encyclopedia of Public Health. London: Elsevier
* {{cite book |vauthors=Naidoo J, Wills J |title=Health promotion: foundations for practice |publisher=Baillière Tindall |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7020-2448-1 |edition=2nd }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=DiClemente RJ, Crosby RA, Kegler MC |title=Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research: strategies for improving public health |publisher=Jossey-Bass |location=San Francisco |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7879-5566-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/emergingtheories00dicl }}
* {{cite book |author=O'Donnell MP |title=Health promotion in the workplace |publisher=Delmar Thomson Learning |location=Albany |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7668-2866-7 |edition=3rd }}
* {{cite book |author=Cox CC, American College of Sports Medicine |title=ACSM's worksite health promotion manual: a guide to building and sustaining healthy worksites |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign IL |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7360-4657-2 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Lucas K, Lloyd BB |title=Health promotion: evidence and experience |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-4005-0 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, Gottlieb NH |title=Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach |publisher=Jossey-Bass |location=San Francisco |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7879-7899-0 |edition=2nd }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Edelman CL, Mandle CL |title=Health promotion throughout the life span |publisher=Mosby Elsevier |location=St. Louis MO |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-323-03128-8 |edition=6th }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Pender NJ, Murdaugh CL, Parsons MA |title=Health promotion in nursing practice |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River NJ |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-13-119436-6 |edition=5th }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Scriven A, Garman S |title=Promoting Health: Global Perspectives |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4039-2136-9 }} paperback {{ISBN|1-4039-2137-7}}.
* {{cite book |author=Scriven A |chapter=Developing local alliance partnerships through community collaboration and participation |editor1=Handsley, S. |editor2=Lloyd, C.E. |editor3=Douglas, J. |editor4=Earle, S. |editor5=Spurr, S.M. |title=Policy and Practice in Promoting Public Health |publisher=SAGE |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=9781412930734 }}
* {{cite book |editor=Scriven, A |title=Health Promoting Practice: the contribution of nurses and Allied Health Professionals |publisher=Palgrave |location=Basingstoke |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-3411-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Scriven, A |title=Promoting Health: a Practical Guide |publisher=Balliere Tindall/ Elsivier |location=Edinburgh |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7020-3139-7 |edition=6th }}
* {{cite book |author=Leddy, Susan |title=Health promotion: mobilizing strengths to enhance health, wellness, and well-being |publisher=F.A. Davis |location=Philadelphia |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8036-1405-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionm0000ledd }}
* {{cite book |author=Chenoweth DH |title=Worksite health promotion |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign IL |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7360-6041-7 |edition=2nd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worksitehealthpr0000chen }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Cottrell RR, Girvan JT, McKenzie JF |title=Principles & foundations of health promotion and education |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-321-53235-0 |edition=4th }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Murray RB, Zentner JP, Yakimo R |title=Health promotion strategies through the life span |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River NJ |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-513866-3 |edition=8th }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=McKenzie JE, Thackeray R, Neiger BL |title=Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs: a primer |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-321-49511-2 |edition=5th }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box
|by=no
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* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.euro.who.int/healthy-cities Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office]
* [https://ec.europa.eu/health/home_en Health-EU Portal] Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
* [http://eurohealthnet.eu/ EuroHealthNet: The European Partnership for Improving Health, Equity and Well-Being]
* {{cite web |editor1-last=Hu |editor1-first=Frank |editor2-last=Cheung |editor2-first=Lilian |editor3-last=Otis |editor3-first=Brett |editor4-last=Oliveira |editor4-first=Nancy |editor5-last=Musicus |editor5-first=Aviva |date=19 January 2021 |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2021/01/19/healthy-living-guide-2020-2021/ |url-status=live |title=The Nutrition Source – Healthy Living Guide 2020/2021: A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living |website=www.hsph.harvard.edu |location=[[Boston]] |publisher=Department of Nutrition at the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005072821/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2021/01/19/healthy-living-guide-2020-2021/ |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021}}
{{Public health}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Health Promotion}}
[[Category:Health promotion| ]]
{{SourceWikipedia}}
'''Health promotion''' is, as stated in the 1986 [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) [[Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion]], the "process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health."<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/about/HPR%20Glossary%201998.pdf |title=Health Promotion Glossary |publisher=World Health Organization |place=Geneva |page=1}}</ref>
== Scope ==
The [[World Health Organization|WHO]]'s 1986 [https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/129532/Ottawa_Charter.pdf Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion] and then the 2005 [https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/6gchp/hpr_050829_%20BCHP.pdf?ua=1 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World] defines health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over their [[health]] and its determinants, and thereby improve their health".<ref name="WHO2005BangkokPDF">Participants at the 1st Global Conference on Health Promotion in Ottawa, Canada, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1986. Accessed 2021 Sept 15.</ref>
Health promotion involves [[public policy]] that addresses [[Social determinants of health|health determinants]] such as income, housing, food security, employment, and quality working conditions. More recent work has used the term [[Health in All Policies]] to refer to the actions that incorporate health into all public policies. Health promotion is aligned with [[health equity]] and can be a focus of [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs) dedicated to social justice or human rights. [[Health literacy]] can be developed in schools, while aspects of health promotion such as [[breastfeeding promotion]] can depend on laws and rules of public spaces. One of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Action items is infusing prevention into all sectors of society, to that end, it is seen in [[preventive healthcare]] rather than a treatment and curative care focused [[medical model]].
There is a tendency among some [[public health]] officials, governments, and the medical industrial complex to reduce health promotion to just developing personal skills, also known as [[health education]] and [[social marketing]] focused on changing behavioral risk factors.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Bunton R, Macdonald G |title=Health promotion: disciplines, diversity, and developments |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-23569-3 |edition=2nd}}</ref> However, recent evidence suggests that attitudes about public health policies are less about personal abilities or health messaging than about individuals' philosophical beliefs about morality, politics, and science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byrd|first1=Nick|last2=Białek|first2=Michał|date=2021|title=Your Health vs. My Liberty: Philosophical beliefs dominated reflection and identifiable victim effects when predicting public health recommendation compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Cognition|language=en|volume=212|pages=104649|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104649|pmid=33756152|doi-access=free}}</ref>
==History==
This first publication of health promotion is from the 1974 [[Lalonde report]] from the Government of [[Canada]],<ref name=Minkler1989>{{cite journal |author=Minkler M |title=Health education, health promotion and the open society: an historical perspective |journal=Health Educ Q |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |date=Spring 1989 |pmid=2649456 |doi=10.1177/109019818901600105 |s2cid=10410928 }}</ref> which contained a health promotion strategy "aimed at informing, influencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health".<ref>Lalonde M. [http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/1974-lalonde/lalonde-eng.pdf A new perspective on the health of Canadians. A working document.] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5gbib2ON9?url=http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/alt_formats/hpb-dgps/pdf/pubs/1974-lalonde/lalonde-eng.pdf|date=2009-05-08}} Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1974.</ref> Another predecessor of the definition was the 1979 ''Healthy People'' report of the [[Surgeon General of the United States]],<ref name=Minkler1989/> which noted that health promotion "seeks the development of community and individual measures which can help... [people] to develop lifestyles that can maintain and enhance the state of well-being".<ref>[http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/G/K/_/nnbbgk.pdf Healthy people: the Surgeon General's report on health promotion and disease prevention.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131003907/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/G/K/_/nnbbgk.pdf|date=2009-01-31}} Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health and Surgeon General, 1979. DHEW (PHS) Publication No. 79-55071. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
At least two publications led to a "broad empowerment/environmental" definition of health promotion in the mid-1980s:<ref name=Minkler1989/>
* In the year 1984 the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Regional Office for Europe defined health promotion as "the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health".<ref name="WHO1984">{{cite journal|date=May 1986|title=A discussion document on the concept and principles of health promotion|journal=Health Promot|volume=1|issue=1|pages=73–6|doi=10.1093/heapro/1.1.73|pmid=10286854}}</ref> In addition to methods to change lifestyles, the WHO Regional Office advocated "legislation, fiscal measures, organisational change, community development and spontaneous local activities against health hazards" as health promotion methods.<ref name=WHO1984/>
* In 1986, Jake Epp, [[Minister of Health (Canada)|Canadian Minister of National Health and Welfare]], released ''Achieving health for all: a framework for health promotion'' which also came to be known as the "Epp report".<ref name=Minkler1989/><ref name="Epp">{{cite journal|author=Epp J|year=1986|title=Achieving health for all. A framework for health promotion|journal=Health Promot|volume=1|issue=4|pages=419–28|doi=10.1093/heapro/1.4.419|pmid=10302169}}</ref> This report defined the three "mechanisms" of health promotion as "self-care"; "mutual aid, or the actions people take to help each other cope"; and "healthy environments".<ref name=Epp/>
* 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, [[Ottawa]], 1986, which resulted in the "[[Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion]]".<ref name="WHO1986Ottawa">[https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320110952/http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index.html|date=20 March 2012}} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> According to the Ottawa Charter, health promotion:<ref name="WHO1986Ottawa" />
** "is not just the responsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life-styles to well-being"
** "aims at making... [political, economic, social, cultural, environmental, behavioural and biological factors] favourable through advocacy for health"
** "focuses on achieving [[health equity|equity in health]]"
** "demands coordinated action by all concerned: by governments, by health and other social organizations."
The "American" definition of health promotion, first promulgated by the ''American Journal of Health Promotion'' in the late 1980s, focuses more on the delivery of services with a bio-behavioral approach rather than environmental support using a settings approach. Later the power on the environment over behavior was incorporated. The [https://academic.oup.com/heapro/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapro/daaa157/6211341 Health Promotion Glossary 2021] reinforces the international 1986 definition.
The WHO, in collaboration with other organizations, has subsequently co-sponsored international conferences including the 2015 [https://www.healthpromotingcampuses.org/okanagan-charter Okanagan Charter on Health Promotion Universities and Colleges].
In November 2019, researchers reported, based on an international study of 27 countries, that caring for families is the main motivator for people worldwide.<ref name="EA-20191126">{{cite news |author=Arizona State University |title=Caring for family is what motivates people worldwide - International study including 27 countries shows people prioritize loved ones over everything else |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/asu-cff112619.php |date=26 November 2019 |work=[[EurekAlert!]] |access-date=30 November 2019 |author-link=Arizona State University }}</ref><ref name="PA-20190714">{{cite journal |author=Ko, Ahra |display-authors=et al. |title=Family Matters: Rethinking the Psychology of Human Social Motivation |url=https://psyarxiv.com/u8h3x/ |journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science : A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science |year=2020 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=173–201 |doi=10.1177/1745691619872986 |pmid=31791196 |s2cid=208611389 |access-date=30 November 2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Settings-Based Approach ==
The WHO's settings approach to health promotion, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200725034449/https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/healthy-settings/en/ Healthy Settings], looks at the settings as individual systems that link community participation, equity, empowerment, and partnership to actions that promote health. According to the WHO, a setting is "the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and wellbeing."<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} The WHO Health Promotion Glossary|url=https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/HPG/en/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=WHO}}{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> There are 11 recognized settings in this approach: cities, villages, municipalities and communities, schools, workplaces, markets, homes, islands, hospitals, prisons, and universities.
=== Health Promoting Hospitals ===
Health promotion in the hospital setting aims to increase health gain by supporting the health of patients, staff, and the community. This is achieved by integrating health promotion concepts, strategies, and values into the culture and organizational structure of the hospital. Specifically, this means setting up a management structure, involving medical and non-medical staff in health promotion communication, devising action plans for health promotion policies and projects, and measuring and measuring health outcomes and impact for staff, patients, and the community.
The [[International Network of Health Promoting Hospitals and Health Services]] is the official, international network for the promotion and dissemination of principles, standards, and recommendations for health promotion in the hospital and health services settings.
===Workplace Setting===
{{Main|Workplace health promotion}}
The process of health promotion works in all settings and sectors where people live, work, play and love. A common setting is the workplace. The focus of health on the work site is that of prevention and the intervention that reduces the health risks of the employee. The U.S. Public Health Service recently{{When|date=October 2021}} issued a report titled "Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General" which provides a comprehensive review of the available scientific evidence about the relationship between physical activity and an individual's health status. The report shows that over 60% of Americans are not regularly active and that 25% are not active at all. There is very strong evidence linking physical activity to numerous health improvements. Health promotion can be performed in various locations. Among the settings that have received special attention are the community, [[health care provider|health care facilities]], schools, and worksites.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Tones K, Tilford S |title=Health promotion: effectiveness, efficiency and equity |publisher=Nelson Thornes |location=Cheltenham UK |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7487-4527-2 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Worksite health promotion, also known by terms such as "workplace health promotion", has been defined as "the combined efforts of employers, employees and society to improve the health and well-being of people at work".<ref>European Network for Workplace Health Promotion. [http://www.enwhp.org/index.php?id=57 Workplace health promotion.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118180555/http://www.enwhp.org/index.php?id=57 |date=2007-11-18 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/workplace/en/index1.html Workplace health promotion. Benefits.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203145634/http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/workplace/en/index1.html |date=2008-12-03 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> WHO states that the workplace "has been established as one of the priority settings for health promotion into the 21st century" because it influences "physical, mental, economic and social well-being" and "offers an ideal setting and infrastructure to support the promotion of health of a large audience".<ref>World Health Organization. [https://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/workplace/en/ Workplace health promotion. The workplace: a priority setting for health promotion.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204072432/http://www.who.int/occupational_health/topics/workplace/en/ |date=2008-12-04 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
Worksite health promotion programs (also called "workplace health promotion programs", "worksite wellness programs", or "workplace wellness programs") include exercise, [[nutrition]], smoking cessation and stress management.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "Regular physical activity is one of the most effective disease prevention behaviors."<ref>{{Cite web|title = CDC - Workplace Health - Implementation - Physical Activity|url = https://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/implementation/topics/physical-activity.html|website = www.cdc.gov|access-date = 2015-09-27|first = Centers for Disease Control and|last = Prevention|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151017051030/http://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/implementation/topics/physical-activity.html|archive-date = 2015-10-17}}</ref> Physical activity programs reduce feelings of anxiety and depression, reduce obesity (especially when combined with an improved diet), reduce risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes; and finally improve stamina, strength, and energy.
Reviews and [[meta-analysis|meta-analyses]] published between 2005 and 2008 that examined the scientific literature on worksite health promotion programs include the following:
* A review of 13 studies published through January 2004 showed "strong evidence... for an effect on dietary intake, inconclusive evidence for an effect on physical activity, and no evidence for an effect on health risk indicators".<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Engbers LH, van Poppel MN, Chin A, Paw MJ, van Mechelen W |title=Worksite health promotion programs with environmental changes: a systematic review |journal=Am J Prev Med |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15958254 |doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2005.03.001 }}</ref>
* In the most recent of a series of updates to a review of "comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite," Pelletier (2005) noted "positive clinical and cost outcomes" but also found declines in the number of relevant studies and their quality.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pelletier KR |title=A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: update VI 2000–2004 |journal=J. Occup. Environ. Med. |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1051–8 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16217246 |doi=10.1097/01.jom.0000174303.85442.bf|s2cid=30828898 }}</ref>
* A "meta-evaluation" of 56 studies published 1982–2005 found that worksite health promotion produced on average a decrease of 26.8% in sick leave absenteeism, a decrease of 26.1% in health costs, a decrease of 32% in workers’ compensation costs and disability management claims costs, and a cost-benefit ratio of 5.81.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman LS |title=Meta-evaluation of worksite health promotion economic return studies: 2005 update |journal=Am J Health Promot |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=1–11 |year=2005 |pmid=16022209 |url=http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/meta%20evaluation%20of%20worksite%20health%20promotion.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207080035/http://fhs.mcmaster.ca/ceb/community_medicine_page/docs/meta%20evaluation%20of%20worksite%20health%20promotion.pdf |archive-date=2010-12-07 |doi=10.4278/0890-1171-19.4.TAHP-1 }}</ref>
* A meta-analysis of 46 studies published in 1970–2005 found moderate, statistically significant effects of work health promotion, especially exercise, on "work ability" and "overall well-being"; furthermore, "sickness absences seem to be reduced by activities promoting a healthy lifestyle".<ref name=Kuoppala>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuoppala J, Lamminpää A, Husman P |title=Work health promotion, job well-being, and sickness absences—a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=J. Occup. Environ. Med. |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=1216–27 |date=November 2008 |pmid=19001948 |doi=10.1097/JOM.0b013e31818dbf92 |s2cid=7330866 }}</ref>
* A meta-analysis of 22 studies published 1997–2007 determined that workplace health promotion interventions led to "small" reductions in depression and anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Martin A, Sanderson K, Cocker F |title=Meta-analysis of the effects of health promotion intervention in the workplace on depression and anxiety symptoms |journal=Scand J Work Environ Health |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=7–18 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19065280 |doi=10.5271/sjweh.1295 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* A review of 119 studies suggested that successful work site health-promotion programs have attributes such as: assessing employees' health needs and tailoring programs to meet those needs; attaining high participation rates; promoting [[self care]]; targeting several health issues simultaneously; and offering different types of activities (e.g., group sessions as well as printed materials).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goetzel RZ, Ozminkowski RJ |title=The health and cost benefits of work site health-promotion programs |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=29 |pages=303–23 |year=2008 |pmid=18173386 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090930 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
A study conducted by the [[World Health Organization]] and the [[International Labour Organization]] found that exposure to long working hours is the occupational risk factor with the largest attributable burden of disease, i.e. an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pega |first1=Frank |last2=Nafradi |first2=Balint|last3=Momen |first3=Natalie |last4=Ujita |first4=Yuka |last5=Streicher |first5=Kai |last6=Prüss-Üstün |first6=Annette |last7=Technical Advisory Group |title=Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury |journal=Environment International |date=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 |pmc=8204267 |pmid=34011457 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This landmark study established a new global policy argument and agenda for health promotion on psychosocial risk factors (including psychosocial stress) in the workplace setting.
==Entities and projects by country==
Worldwide, government agencies (such as [[health department]]s) and [[non-governmental organization]]s have substantial efforts in the area of health promotion. Some of these entities and projects are:
===International and multinational===
The WHO and its Regional Offices such as the [[Pan American Health Organization]] are influential in health promotion around the world.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kickbusch I |title=The contribution of the World Health Organization to a new public health and health promotion |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=383–8 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12604477 |pmc=1447748 |url=|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.3.383}}</ref> The main eight health promotion campaigns marked by WHO are [[World Health Day]], [[World Tuberculosis Day]], [[World Blood Donor Day]], [[World Immunization Week]], [[World Malaria Day]], [[World No Tobacco Day]], [[World Hepatitis Day]] and [[World AIDS Day]].<ref>World Health Organization, [https://www.who.int/campaigns/en WHO campaigns.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422122948/http://www.who.int/campaigns/en/ |date=2016-04-22 }}</ref> The WHO also reviews and endorses terminology including the [https://academic.oup.com/heapro/advance-article/doi/10.1093/heapro/daaa157/6211341 Health Promotion Glossary 2021].
The International Union for Health Promotion and Education, based in France, holds international, regional, and national conferences.<ref>[http://www.iuhpe.org International Union for Health Promotion and Education.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127005432/http://www.iuhpe.org/ |date=2006-11-27 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>Cheung, Robin. Overall health and wellbeing deserves more than lip service. South China Morning Post 2007 Jul 7.</ref>
The European Union is co-funding a Joint Action on Chronic Diseases and Healthy Ageing across the Life Cycle (JA-CHRODIS) with a strong focus on health promotion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chrodis.eu/|title=CHRODIS - Joint Action on Chronic Diseases|website=CHRODIS|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613025357/http://www.chrodis.eu/|archive-date=2015-06-13}}</ref>
===Australia===
The Australian Health Promotion Association, a [[professional body]], was incorporated in the year 1988.<ref>Australian Health Promotion Association. [http://healthpromotion.org.au/aboutus.html Providing knowledge, resources and perspective.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125091319/http://healthpromotion.org.au/aboutus.html |date=2009-01-25 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> In November 2008, the National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission released a paper recommending a national health promotion agency.<ref>Cresswell, Adam. [https://archive.today/20120913080715/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24614658-2702,00.html Plan for agency to prevent illness.] The Australian 2008 Nov 7. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> ACT Health of the Australian Capital Territory supports health promotion with funding and information dissemination.<ref>[http://www.healthpromotion.act.gov.au ACT Health Promotion. Online support for health promotion workers in the ACT.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210030031/http://www.healthpromotion.act.gov.au/ |date=2007-02-10 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> The [[Victorian Health Promotion Foundation]] (VicHealth) from [[Victoria (Australia)|the state of Victoria]] is "the world's first health promotion foundation to be funded by a tax on tobacco."<ref>[http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/About-VicHealth.aspx About VicHealth.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223073229/http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/About-VicHealth.aspx |date=2008-12-23 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref> The Australian Government has come up with some initiatives to help Australians achieve a healthy lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/|title = Healthy Active|date = 18 February 2015|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = A Healthy and Active Australia|publisher = Department of Health|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150328080728/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/|archive-date = 28 March 2015}}</ref> These initiatives are:
* Get Set 4 Life - Habits for Healthy Kids<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/getset4life-index|title = Health Active|date = 2 April 2009|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = Get Set for Life - Habits for Healthy Kids|publisher = Australian Government|last = Health|first = Department of|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411170508/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/getset4life-index|archive-date = 11 April 2015}}</ref>
* The Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/kitchen-garden|title = Healthy Active|date = 8 August 2014|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = Stephanie Alexander Kitchen Garden National Program|publisher = Australian Government|last = Health|first = Department of|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411044711/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/kitchen-garden|archive-date = 11 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.kitchengardenfoundation.org.au/|title = Kitchen Garden Foundation|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = Kitchen Garden Foundation|publisher = Australian Government|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150330145248/https://www.kitchengardenfoundation.org.au/|archive-date = 30 March 2015}}</ref>
* Healthy Spaces and Places<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/healthy-spaces-index|title = Healthy Active|date = 12 August 2009|access-date = 7 April 2015|website = Healthy Spaces and Places|publisher = Australian Government|last = Health|first = Department of|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411170517/http://www.healthyactive.gov.au/internet/healthyactive/publishing.nsf/Content/healthy-spaces-index|archive-date = 11 April 2015}}</ref>
* Learning from Successful Community Obesity Initiative
* Healthy Weight information and resources.
Health Promotion is strong and well-established in Australia. Since 2008 there has been a number of graduate courses people can take to be involved within Health Promotion in Australia. The government since 2008 has included an initiative that involves the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island citizens in the preventive health sector.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wise|first=Marilyn|date=19 November 2008|title=Health Promotion in Australia|url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/health-promotion|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207084458/https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/health-promotion|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2021|journal=Reviewing the Past and Looking to the Future|volume=18|issue=4|pages=497–508|doi=10.1080/09581590802503068|s2cid=153448256|via=}}</ref>
==== Health Promotion In Australian Schools ====
School programs are based on curriculum documents from state and territorial councils. Schools mainly focus on health issues that are being supported by funding and special events. Funding for many health issues are the main basis for the school curriculum's subject of health.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = School based health promotion across Australia|last = Marshall|first = BJ|date = 2 March 2012|journal = Journal of School Health|doi = 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07430.x|pmid = 10937375|volume=70|issue = 6|pages=251–252|s2cid = 6906439|url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/d3486d3b0ff6b1d8679e21fc1bf0ac2c13ddbe68}}</ref>
==== Health Promotion for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Citizens ====
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island citizens in Australia in the last couple of centuries have had poor health. The reason behind the poor health conditions is due to major events in the history of Australia. There is an increasing advancement in the promotion of health for Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal citizens, but this cannot be achieved without the co-operation of non-indigenous Australians. For this health promotion to be a success, the citizens of Australia need to put the history between non-indigenous and indigenous citizens behind them and co-operate as equals.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://ped.sagepub.com.ipacez.nd.edu.au/content/4/3/22.full.pdf|title = Global Health Promotion|last = Angus|first = S|date = 1997|journal = Promoting the Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island People: Issues for the Future|doi = 10.1177/102538239700400313|pmid = 9438303|access-date = 7 April 2015|volume=4|issue = 3|pages=22–24|s2cid = 36433775}}</ref>
===Canada===
The province of [[Ontario]] appointed a health promotion minister to lead its [[Ministry of Health Promotion (Ontario)|Ministry of Health Promotion]] in the year of 2005.<ref>Benzie, Robert. Obesity now on Ontario hit list — Health promotion minister's new job. Toronto Star 2005 Jul 14.</ref>
The Ministry's vision is to enable Ontarians to lead healthy, active lives and make the province a healthy, prosperous place to live, work, play, learn and visit. Ministry of Health Promotion sees that its fundamental goals are to promote and encourage Ontarians to make healthier choices at all ages and stages of life, to create healthy and supportive environments, lead the development of healthy public policy, and assist with embedding behaviours that promote health.<ref>Ministry of Health Promotion [http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/resultsplan/results-09-10.asp Results-Based Plan 2009-10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810215531/http://www.mhp.gov.on.ca/english/resultsplan/results-09-10.asp |date=2009-08-10 }}</ref>
The [[Canadian Health Network]] was a "reliable, non-commercial source of online information about how to stay healthy and prevent disease" that was discontinued in 2007.<ref>Goar C. [https://www.thestar.com/comment/article/276891 Conservatives axe health network.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123040737/http://www.thestar.com/comment/article/276891 |date=2013-01-23 }} Toronto Star 2007 Nov 16. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
The BC Coalition for Health Promotion is "a grassroots, voluntary non-profit society dedicated to the advancement of health promotion in [[British Columbia]]".<ref>BC Coalition for Health Promotion. [http://www.vcn.bc.ca/bchpc/who.html Who we are.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925072148/http://www.vcn.bc.ca/bchpc/who.html |date=2007-09-25 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
===Ireland===
==== Health Promotion Research in Ireland ====
The Health Promotion Research Centre (HPRC) at the [[NUI Galway|National University of Ireland Galway]] was established in 1990 with support from the [[Department of Health (Ireland)|Department of Health]] to conduct health promotion related research on issues relevant to health promotion in an Irish context. The Centre is unique in that it is the only designated research centre in Ireland dedicated to health promotion. It produces high quality research of national and international significance that supports the development of best practice and policy in the promotion of health. The Centre is a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Health Promotion Research, has an active multidisciplinary research programme, and collaborates with regional, national and international agencies on the development and evaluation of health promotion interventions and strategies.
Objectives of the HPRC include:
* The generation and dissemination of health promotion research that is of national and international relevance.
* The translation of research that will lead to the development of healthy public policy and evidence-informed practice.
===New Zealand===
The Health Promotion Forum (HPF) of New Zealand is the national umbrella organization of over 150 organisations committed to improving health.<ref>[http://www.hpforum.org.nz/ Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218083314/http://www.hpforum.org.nz/ |date=2009-02-18 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wise M, Signal L |title=Health promotion development in Australia and New Zealand |journal=Health Promot Int |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=237–248 |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/heapro/15.3.237 |doi-access=free }}</ref> HPF has worked with The Cancer Society in order to produce a personal development plan for health promoters, which may be helpful to perform personal development reviews, to identify the competencies of individuals and to provide ideas for future development.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.hauora.co.nz/competencies.html|title = HP Competencies|date = 2014|access-date = 2015-04-16|website = Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand|last = Health Promotion Forum of New Zealand|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150415130856/http://www.hauora.co.nz/competencies.html|archive-date = 2015-04-15}}</ref>
The Health Promotion Agency (HPA), formed July 1, 2012, is a Crown Agency established under the [[New Zealand Public Health and Disability Amendment Act 2012]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2012/0041/latest/DLM4047310.html|title=New Zealand Public Health and Disability Amendment Act 2012 No 41, Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation|website=www.legislation.govt.nz|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124233/http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2012/0041/latest/DLM4047310.html|archive-date=2015-12-22}}</ref> Its board has been appointed by the Minister of Health.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Who we are {{!}} HPA - Health promotion agency|url = http://www.hpa.org.nz/who-we-are|website = www.hpa.org.nz|access-date = 2015-04-16|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508002814/http://www.hpa.org.nz/who-we-are|archive-date = 2015-05-08}}</ref> The work of HPA is divided into three main areas:
* Promoting the wellbeing and health of the community
* Enabling health promoting initiatives and environments
* Informing the public on health promoting policies and practices<ref>{{Cite web|title = How we work {{!}} HPA - Health promotion agency|url = http://www.hpa.org.nz/how-we-work|website = www.hpa.org.nz|access-date = 2015-04-16|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150508084945/http://www.hpa.org.nz/how-we-work|archive-date = 2015-05-08}}</ref>
HPA has a variety of programs based around many areas of work, including alcohol, immunisation, mental health, and skin cancer prevention. The agency aims to promote the wellbeing of individuals and encourage healthy lifestyles, prevent disease, illness and injury, enable environments that support health and wellbeing, and to reduce personal, economic and social harm.<ref>{{Cite web|title = What we do {{!}} HPA - Health promotion agency|url = http://www.hpa.org.nz/what-we-do|website = www.hpa.org.nz|access-date = 2015-04-16|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150507074712/http://www.hpa.org.nz/what-we-do|archive-date = 2015-05-07}}</ref>
Health Workforce New Zealand (HWNZ) is an organisation that is part of the National Health Board which provides national leadership on the development of the health workforce.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Home {{!}} Health Workforce NZ|url = http://healthworkforce.health.govt.nz/|website = healthworkforce.health.govt.nz|access-date = 2015-04-16|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412025710/http://healthworkforce.health.govt.nz/|archive-date = 2015-04-12}}</ref> Some health promotional programs supported by HWNZ include education and training initiatives, and the Voluntary Bonding Scheme, which rewards medical, midwifery and nursing graduates who agree to work in hard-to-staff communities, and sonography, medical physicist and radiation therapy graduates who stay in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/health-workforce|title = Health Workforce New Zealand|date = 3 February 2015|access-date = 2015-04-16|website = New Zealand Ministry of Health|last = New Zealand Ministry of Health|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150329183006/http://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/health-workforce|archive-date = 29 March 2015}}</ref>
Health promotion in New Zealand has become an established approach in addressing public problems since the 1980s, through increasing use of intersectoral action, the use of public policy and mass media as promotional strategies, and the increasing control Maori have taken over the provision and purchase of health promotion services.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Health promotion development in Australia and New Zealand|last1 = Wise|first1 = Marilyn|date = 2000|journal = Health Promotion International|doi = 10.1093/heapro/15.3.237|last2 = Signal|first2 = Louise|volume = 15|issue = 3|pages = 237–248|doi-access = free}}</ref> An example of health promotional initiatives is the action put in place to reduce [[childhood obesity]] in primary schools. Research was completed to identify the barriers to improving school food environments and promoting healthy nutrition in primary schools in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Identifying barriers to promoting healthy nutrition in New Zealand primary schools|journal = Health Education Journal|year=2010|issn = 0017-8969|pages = 84–94|volume = 69|issue = 1|doi = 10.1177/0017896910363152|first1 = Mat|last1 = Walton|first2 = Jordan|last2 = Waiti|first3 = Louise|last3 = Signal|first4 = George|last4 = Thomson|s2cid = 72932836}}</ref>
Considerable progress has also been made in the health impact assessment (HIA) research on the impact of policies on health in New Zealand. The approach has an important contribution to make in the strengthening of health and wellbeing in policymaking in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj29/29-pages-17-31.pdf|title = Strengthening health, wellbeing and equity: Embedding policy-level HIA in New Zealand|last1 = Singal|first1 = Louise|date = 2006|journal = Social Policy Journal of New Zealand|access-date = 2015-04-16|last2 = Langford|first2 = Barbara|last3 = Quigley|first3 = Rob|last4 = Ward|first4 = Martin|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160211063048/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj29/29-pages-17-31.pdf|archive-date = 2016-02-11}}</ref>
===Sri Lanka===
In 2015, the life expectancy of Sri Lankan people was 72 for male and 78 for female.<ref>World Health Organization. Sri Lanka. World Health Organization. 2016. Available at: {{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/countries/lka/en/ |title=WHO | Sri Lanka |access-date=2016-10-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013012043/http://who.int/countries/lka/en/ |archive-date=2016-10-13 }}. Accessed October 8, 2016.</ref> The disease burden has started to shift towards [[non-communicable disease]]s related to lifestyle and environmental factors.<ref>World Health Organization. SriLanka:WHOstatisticalprofile. Whoint. 2015. Available at: {{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/countries/lka.pdf?ua=1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-02-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195540/http://www.who.int/gho/countries/lka.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=2015-02-03 }}. Accessed October 8, 2016.</ref> The 2012 estimated "healthy life expectancy" at birth of all Sri Lanka's population is 68 for females, 63 for males, and 65 overall.<ref>United Nations Statistics Division. UNdata : record view : Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years). Dataunorg. 2016. Available at: {{cite web|title=UNdata | record view | Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years)|url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=hale&d=WHO&f=MEASURE_CODE%3AWHOSIS_000002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305045337/http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=hale&d=WHO&f=MEASURE_CODE%3AWHOSIS_000002|archive-date=2017-03-05|access-date=2016-10-08}}. Accessed October 8, 2016.</ref>
The development of the Sri Lankan National Health Promotion Policy is related to the State Policy and Strategy for Health and the Health Master Plan 2007–2016. It emphasises advocacy and empowerment to enable individuals and communities to take control of their own health, as well as improving the management of health promotion interventions across sectors.<ref>Sri Lanka National Health Promotion Policy</ref>
===Sweden===
In Sweden, on a national level, health promotion is primarily the responsibility of the Public Health Agency of Sweden.<ref>"Definitioner, mål, ramverk och uppföljningssystem för miljörelaterad hälsa". (In Swedish). Public Health Agency of Sweden. Accessed: 7 November 2018. URL: https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/publicerat-material/publikationsarkiv/d/definitioner-mal-ramverk-och-uppfoljningssystem-for-miljorelaterad-halsa-/?pub=53919</ref> However, many regional initiatives exist, for example, within clinical health promotion programs in certain geographical areas.<ref>"Definitioner och perspektiv". (In Swedish). Västra Götalandsregionen och Institutet för stressmedicin. Accessed: 7 November 2018. URL: https://www.vgregion.se/ov/ism/halsa-och-arbetsmiljo/halsoframjande-arbetsplats/definitioner-och-perspektiv/</ref> Health promotion is also highlighted by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare as the agency suggests this to be a component in health professionals' curriculum and training, which concerns, for example, Registered Nurses and Physicians.<ref>"Hälsofrämjande arbete – i praktiken". (In Swedish).The National Board of Health and Welfare. Accessed: 7 November 2018. URL: http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/lakarnas-st/sokkursamnenst/halsoframjandearbeteipraktiken</ref>
Many health promotion initiatives in Sweden focus on health equity and thus focus on groups in society that have seen to be experiencing poorer health status. For example, a Swedish study suggest that health promotion interventions aiming at empowering adolescents in disadvantaged communities, should enable active learning activities, use visualizing tools to facilitate self-reflection, and allow the adolescents to influence the intervention activities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Holmberg|first1=Christopher|last2=Larsson|first2=Christel|last3=Korp|first3=Peter| last4=Lindgren|first4=Eva-Carin|last5=Jonsson|first5=Linus|last6=Fröberg|first6=Andreas|last7=Chaplin|first7=John E.|last8=Berg|first8=Christina|date=2018-07-04|title=Empowering aspects for healthy food and physical activity habits: adolescents' experiences of a school-based intervention in a disadvantaged urban community|journal=International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being|volume=13|issue=sup 1|pages=1487759|doi=10.1080/17482631.2018.1487759|pmid=29972679|pmc=6032021}}</ref>
===United Kingdom===
The [[Royal Society for Public Health]] was formed in October 2008 by the merger of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (also known as the Royal Society of Health or RSH) and the [[Royal Institute of Public Health]] (RIPH).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.rsph.org.uk|title = Royal Society of Public Health|access-date = 23 August 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160730223947/https://www.rsph.org.uk/|archive-date = 30 July 2016}}</ref> Earlier, July 2005 saw the publication by the Department of Health and Welsh Assembly Government of Shaping the Future of Public Health: Promoting Health in the NHS.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} Following discussions with the Department of Health and Welsh Assembly Government officials, the Royal Society for Public Health and three national public health bodies agreed, in 2006, to work together to take forward the report's recommendations, working in partnership with other organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.fitnesstipsweb.com|title = Fitness Tips|access-date = 23 August 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160922233804/http://www.fitnesstipsweb.com/|archive-date = 22 September 2016}}</ref> Accordingly:
# The Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) leads and hosts the collaboration, and focuses on advocacy for health promotion and its workforce;
# The Institute of Health Promotion and Education (IHPE) works with the RSPH [[Royal Society for Public Health]] to give a voice to the workforce;
# The Faculty of Public Health (FPH) focuses on professional standards, education and training; and
# The UK Public Health Register (UKPHR) is responsible for the regulation of the workforce.
In [[Northern Ireland]], the government's Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland was set up to "provide leadership, strategic direction and support, where possible, to all those involved in promoting health in Northern Ireland". The Health Promotion Agency for Northern Ireland was incorporated into the Public Health Agency for Northern Ireland in April 2009.<ref>Public Health Agency for Northern Ireland [http://www.publichealth.hscni.net/about-us/ HSC About Us (accessed 23 January 2012)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229201252/http://www.publichealth.hscni.net/about-us |date=29 December 2011 }}</ref>
Recent work in the UK ''(Delphi consultation exercise due to be published late 2009 by Royal Society of Public Health and the National Social Marketing Centre)'' on the relationship between health promotion and social marketing has highlighted and reinforced the potential integrative nature of the approaches. While an independent review (NCC 'It's Our Health!' 2006) identified that some social marketing has in the past adopted a narrow or limited approach, the UK has increasingly taken a lead in the discussion and developed a much more integrative and strategic approach.<ref>Strategic Social Marketing in 'Social Marketing and Public Health' 2009 Oxford Press</ref> This development adopts a holistic approach, integrating the learning from effective health promotion approaches with relevant learning from social marketing and other disciplines. A key finding from the Delphi consultation was the need to avoid unnecessary and arbitrary 'methods wars' and instead focus on the issue of 'utility' and harnessing the potential of learning from multiple disciplines and sources. Such an approach is arguably how health promotion has developed over the years pulling in learning from different sectors and disciplines to enhance and develop.
===United States===
In the United States, one of the Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Actions, developing personal skills, is the core of Health Education and quite often Health education is confused for the whole of Health Promotion Government agencies in the U.S. concerned with health promotion include the following:
* The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] has a Coordinating Center for Health Promotion whose mission is to "Prevent disease, improve health, and enhance human potential through evidence based interventions and research in maternal and child health, chronic disease, disabilities, genomics, and hereditary disorders".<ref>Smith, Sandy. [http://ehstoday.com/ar/ehs_imp_37020/ The CDC reorganization and its impact on NIOSH.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710173459/http://ehstoday.com/ar/ehs_imp_37020/ |date=2011-07-10 }} EHS Today 2004 May 28. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [https://www.cdc.gov/cchp/about.htm About CDC's Coordinating Center for Health Promotion.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508163116/http://www.cdc.gov/cchp/about.htm |date=2009-05-08 }} 2008 Jul 2. Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
* The [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]] has developed [[Total Worker Health]], a strategy incorporating elements of [[occupational safety and health]] and health promotion, to advance the health and well-being of employees.<ref>The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. [https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/TWH/totalhealth.html What is Total Worker Health?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618024829/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/TWH/totalhealth.html |date=2017-06-18 }} Accessed 2012 Oct 25.</ref>
* The [[United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine]] "provide[s] worldwide technical support for implementing preventive medicine, public health, and health promotion/wellness services into all aspects of America's Army and the Army Community".<ref>U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. [http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/aboutus.asp About USACHPPM.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217201236/http://chppm-www.apgea.army.mil/aboutus.asp |date=2009-02-17 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
Nongovernmental organizations in the U.S. concerned with health promotion include:
* The [[Public Health Education and Health Promotion Section]] is an active component of the [[American Public Health Association]].<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=McQueen DV, Kickbusch I |title=Health and modernity: the role of theory in health promotion |publisher=Springer |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-387-37757-5 |page=15 }}</ref>
* The [[National Commission for Health Education Credentialing]] offers the Certified Health Education Specialist and Master Certified Health Education Specialist examination, a competency-based tool used to measure possession, application and interpretation of knowledge in the Seven Areas of Responsibility for health education specialists. The exam reflects the entry-level sub-competencies of these areas of responsibility. In the [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MMPJxpKCDYiLJ-oUv4ZqR4BNE2VhGURc/view 2020 Health Education and Promotion Terminology Report] document health promotion is defined by Green & Kreuter as "any planned combination of educational, political, regulatory, or organizational supports for actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities"<ref>Green & Kreuter, 2005, p. G-4).</ref> This is an activity-based definition rather than the process-based definition from the foundational WHO Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986) and dominate in everywhere except the US.
* The Wellness Council of America is an [[industry trade group]] that supports workplace health promotion programs.<ref>Wellness Council of America. [http://www.welcoa.org/presskit/index.php WELCOA overview.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108115020/http://www.welcoa.org/presskit/index.php |date=2002-11-08 }} Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref><ref>Hobart honored as state's first "well city." Wellness Council of America honors city for promoting safe workplaces. ''Post-Tribune'' (IN) 2000 Oct 16.</ref>
* [[URAC]] (Utilization Review Accreditation Commission) accredits comprehensive wellness programs "that focus on health promotion, chronic disease prevention and health risk reduction".<ref>[http://www.urac.org/press/cmsDocument.aspx?id=617 URAC announces accreditation standards for Comprehensive Wellness programs.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132507/http://www.urac.org/press/cmsDocument.aspx?id=617 |date=2011-07-19 }} Washington, D.C.: URAC, 2008 Nov 19. At Accessed 2009 Feb 4.</ref>
==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Breastfeeding promotion]]
* [[Health 21]]
* [[Health for all]]
* [[Health marketing]]
* [[Health policy]]
* [[Health promoting hospitals]]
* [[Health promotion in higher education]]
* [[Preventive healthcare]]
{{colend}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Taylor RB, Ureda JR, Denham JW |title=Health promotion: principles and clinical applications |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts |location=Norwalk CT |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8385-3670-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionp0000unse }}
* {{cite book |author=Dychtwald K |title=Wellness and health promotion for the elderly |publisher=Aspen Systems |location=Rockville MD |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87189-238-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/wellnesshealthpr00dych }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Green LW, Lewis FM |title=Measurement and evaluation in health education and health promotion |publisher=Mayfield |location=Palo Alto CA |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-87484-481-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/measurementevalu0000gree }}
* {{cite book |author=Teague ML |title=Health promotion programs: achieving high-level wellness in the later years |publisher=Benchmark Press |location=Indianapolis |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-936157-08-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionp00teag }}
* {{cite book |author=Heckheimer E |title=Health promotion of the elderly in the community |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-7216-2136-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotiono0000heck }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Fogel CI, Lauver D |title=Sexual health promotion |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7216-3799-0 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Hawe P, Degeling D, Hall J |title=Evaluating health promotion: a health worker's guide |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-86433-067-3 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Dines A, Cribb A |title=Health promotion: concepts and practice |publisher=Blackwell Science |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-632-03543-4 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Downie RS, Tannahill C, Tannahill A |title=Health promotion: models and values |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-262592-2 |edition=2nd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionm0000down_m0a1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Seedhouse, David |title=Health promotion: philosophy, practice, and prejudice |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-471-93910-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Bracht NF |title=Health promotion at the community level: new advances |publisher=SAGE |location=Thousand Oaks |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7619-1844-8 |edition=2nd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotiona0000unse_e5n8 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Green LW, Kreuter MW |title=Health promotion planning: an educational and ecological approach |publisher=Mayfield |location=Mountain View CA |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7674-0524-9 |edition=3rd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionp0000gree }}
* Mittelmark, M; Kickbusch, I; Rootman, I; Scriven, A and Tones, K. (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=eSPK7-CHw7oC&pg=PA631 Health Promotion]<!-- Pls confirm correct entry/book --> Encyclopedia of Public Health. London: Elsevier
* {{cite book |vauthors=Naidoo J, Wills J |title=Health promotion: foundations for practice |publisher=Baillière Tindall |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7020-2448-1 |edition=2nd }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=DiClemente RJ, Crosby RA, Kegler MC |title=Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research: strategies for improving public health |publisher=Jossey-Bass |location=San Francisco |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7879-5566-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/emergingtheories00dicl }}
* {{cite book |author=O'Donnell MP |title=Health promotion in the workplace |publisher=Delmar Thomson Learning |location=Albany |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7668-2866-7 |edition=3rd }}
* {{cite book |author=Cox CC, American College of Sports Medicine |title=ACSM's worksite health promotion manual: a guide to building and sustaining healthy worksites |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign IL |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7360-4657-2 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Lucas K, Lloyd BB |title=Health promotion: evidence and experience |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-4005-0 }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, Gottlieb NH |title=Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach |publisher=Jossey-Bass |location=San Francisco |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7879-7899-0 |edition=2nd }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Edelman CL, Mandle CL |title=Health promotion throughout the life span |publisher=Mosby Elsevier |location=St. Louis MO |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-323-03128-8 |edition=6th }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Pender NJ, Murdaugh CL, Parsons MA |title=Health promotion in nursing practice |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River NJ |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-13-119436-6 |edition=5th }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Scriven A, Garman S |title=Promoting Health: Global Perspectives |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4039-2136-9 }} paperback {{ISBN|1-4039-2137-7}}.
* {{cite book |author=Scriven A |chapter=Developing local alliance partnerships through community collaboration and participation |editor1=Handsley, S. |editor2=Lloyd, C.E. |editor3=Douglas, J. |editor4=Earle, S. |editor5=Spurr, S.M. |title=Policy and Practice in Promoting Public Health |publisher=SAGE |location=London |year=2007 |isbn=9781412930734 }}
* {{cite book |editor=Scriven, A |title=Health Promoting Practice: the contribution of nurses and Allied Health Professionals |publisher=Palgrave |location=Basingstoke |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-3411-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Scriven, A |title=Promoting Health: a Practical Guide |publisher=Balliere Tindall/ Elsivier |location=Edinburgh |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7020-3139-7 |edition=6th }}
* {{cite book |author=Leddy, Susan |title=Health promotion: mobilizing strengths to enhance health, wellness, and well-being |publisher=F.A. Davis |location=Philadelphia |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8036-1405-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/healthpromotionm0000ledd }}
* {{cite book |author=Chenoweth DH |title=Worksite health promotion |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign IL |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7360-6041-7 |edition=2nd |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worksitehealthpr0000chen }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Cottrell RR, Girvan JT, McKenzie JF |title=Principles & foundations of health promotion and education |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-321-53235-0 |edition=4th }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=Murray RB, Zentner JP, Yakimo R |title=Health promotion strategies through the life span |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River NJ |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-513866-3 |edition=8th }}
* {{cite book |vauthors=McKenzie JE, Thackeray R, Neiger BL |title=Planning, implementing, and evaluating health promotion programs: a primer |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-321-49511-2 |edition=5th }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box
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* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.euro.who.int/healthy-cities Healthy Cities – WHO EURO Office]
* [https://ec.europa.eu/health/home_en Health-EU Portal] Health Prevention and Promotion in the EU
* [http://eurohealthnet.eu/ EuroHealthNet: The European Partnership for Improving Health, Equity and Well-Being]
* {{cite web |editor1-last=Hu |editor1-first=Frank |editor2-last=Cheung |editor2-first=Lilian |editor3-last=Otis |editor3-first=Brett |editor4-last=Oliveira |editor4-first=Nancy |editor5-last=Musicus |editor5-first=Aviva |date=19 January 2021 |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2021/01/19/healthy-living-guide-2020-2021/ |url-status=live |title=The Nutrition Source – Healthy Living Guide 2020/2021: A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living |website=www.hsph.harvard.edu |location=[[Boston]] |publisher=Department of Nutrition at the [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005072821/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2021/01/19/healthy-living-guide-2020-2021/ |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=11 October 2021}}
{{Public health}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Health Promotion}}
[[Category:Health promotion| ]]
{{SourceWikipedia}}