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Line 1: − + − + − The position of a [[medical pluralism|medical pluralism]] is common in integrative medicine. This takes into account a dialogue of different [[paradigm|paradigms]]. Central is the effort for [[scientificity]] and research with openness of the concept of science.+ + − + − In polarity to alternative medicine, which emphasizes separation, the term integrative medicine denotes exchange and collaboration of complementary ([[complementary medicine|complementary]]) partners. The term integrative medicine was applied in the late 1940s in Anglo-American literature<ref name=":2">{{Cite |first=Benno|last=Brinkhaus|first2=Tobias|last2=Esch |chapter=Was ist integrative Medizin? |trans-chapter=What is integrative medicine?|editor-first=Benno|editor-last=Brinkhaus|editor-first2=Tobias|editor-last2=Esch |title=Integrative Medicine and Health |publisher=Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft |location=Berlin |date=2021 |ISBN=978-3-95466-422-1 |pages=9}}</ref> and propagated since the 1990s by, among others, [[Andrew Weil]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite |first=Dieter |last=Melchart |title=From Complementary to Integrative Medicine and Health: Do We Need a Change in Nomenclature? |journal=Complement Med Res |number=25 |publisher=Karger |location=Freiburg |date=2018 |language=en |DOI=10.1159/000488623 |pages=76-78}}</ref>. In the German-speaking world, the term came into use only from the 1990s.<ref name=":2" /> The emphases and interpretations of the still relatively young term changed over the years and are weighted partly differently by different representatives even today. Below are some descriptions and definitions.+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − In the 2000s, the focus was on a combination of elements of conventional medicine with scientifically evaluated elements of complementary and alternative medicine (see definition NCCAM).<ref name=":2" /> Through the years the concept broadened to include aspects like the relationship between patient and doctor, a network of caretaking persons and in 2020 a democratic environment and a healthy natural environment, bringing the concept close to that of [[One health]].+ − ====Criticism of the concept==== − There is also criticism of the term, which, apart from its salutogenetic orientation, contains no conceptual innovation over that of [[complementary medicine|complementary medicine]].<ref name=":1" /> − ===Definitions=== Line 41:
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Citizendium article integrative medicine
'''Integrative medicine''' describes a medical direction "that reaffirms the importance of the practitioner-patient relationship. It focuses on the whole person, is informed by [[evidence]], and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic approaches, health care professionals, and disciplines to achieve optimal [[health]] and [[healing]]"<ref name=":0">https://imconsortium.org/about/introduction/</ref> as articulated by the [[Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine]] in 2004.
'''Integrative medicine''' describes a medical direction "that reaffirms the importance of the practitioner-patient relationship. It focuses on the whole person, is informed by [[Wikipedia:evidence|evidence]], and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic approaches, health care professionals, and disciplines to achieve optimal [[Wikipedia:health|health]] and [[Wikipedia:healing|healing]]"<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://imconsortium.org/about/introduction/|title=DEFINITION OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH|access-date=1 October 2021|website=Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine & Health}}</ref> as articulated by the [[Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine]] in 2004.
Integrative medicine makes use of approaches from [[Conventional medicine|conventional]] and [[complementary medicine]]. The concept came up in the [[Wikipedia:US|US]] in the late 1940s. In the [[Wikipedia:Germany|german]] sphere it was used from 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-first=Benno|editor-last=Brinkhaus|editor-first2=Tobias|editor-last2=Esch|title=Integrative Medizin und Gesundheit|ISBN=978-3-95466-422-1|publisher=Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft|language=de|date=2021|location=Berlin|trans-title=Integrative medicine and health|chapter=Was ist integrative Medizin?|trans-chapter=What is integrative medicine?|first=Benno|last=Brinkhaus|first2=Tobias|last2=Esch}}</ref>
Integrative medicine makes use of approaches from [[Conventional medicine|conventional]] and [[complementary medicine]]. The concept came up in the [[Wikipedia:US|US]] in the late 1940s. In the [[Wikipedia:Germany|german]] sphere it was used from 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-first=Benno|editor-last=Brinkhaus|editor-first2=Tobias|editor-last2=Esch|title=Integrative Medizin und Gesundheit|ISBN=978-3-95466-422-1|publisher=Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft|language=de|date=2021|location=Berlin|trans-title=Integrative medicine and health|chapter=Was ist integrative Medizin?|trans-chapter=What is integrative medicine?|first=Benno|last=Brinkhaus|first2=Tobias|last2=Esch}}</ref>
Compared to the concepts [[alternative medicine]] and [[complementary medicine]] it focuses on integration with conventional medicine. The wording alternative medicine describes approaches used ''instead'' of conventional medicine. Complementary medicine pictures a [[complementarity]] of approaches. Integrative medicine uses scientific methods to evaluate complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies and is open to a dialog with concepts from non-conventional systems.
Compared to the concepts [[alternative medicine]] and [[complementary medicine]] it focuses on integration with conventional medicine. The wording alternative medicine describes approaches used ''instead'' of conventional medicine. Complementary medicine pictures a [[Wikipedia:complementarity|complementarity]] of approaches. Integrative medicine uses scientific methods to evaluate complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies and is open to a dialog of different [[Wikipedia:paradigm|paradigms]] including those from non-conventional systems in a manner of [[medical pluralism|medical pluralism]]. Central is the effort for [[Wikipedia:scientificity|scientificity]] and [[Wikipedia:research|research]] with openness of the concept of [[science]].
==History of the concept==
In polarity to [[alternative medicine]], which emphasizes separation, the term integrative medicine denotes exchange and collaboration of complementary ([[complementary medicine|complementary]]) partners. The term integrative medicine was applied in the late 1940s in Anglo-American literature<ref name=":2">{{Cite |first=Benno|last=Brinkhaus|first2=Tobias|last2=Esch |chapter=Was ist integrative Medizin? |trans-chapter=What is integrative medicine?|editor-first=Benno|editor-last=Brinkhaus|editor-first2=Tobias|editor-last2=Esch |title=Integrative Medicine and Health |publisher=Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft |location=Berlin |date=2021 |ISBN=978-3-95466-422-1 |pages=9}}</ref> and propagated since the 1990s by, among others, [[Andrew Weil|Andrew Weil]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite |first=Dieter |last=Melchart |title=From Complementary to Integrative Medicine and Health: Do We Need a Change in Nomenclature? |journal=Complement Med Res |number=25 |publisher=Karger |location=Freiburg |date=2018 |language=en |DOI=10.1159/000488623 |pages=76-78}}</ref>. In the German-speaking world, the term came into use only from the 1990s.<ref name=":2" /> The emphases and interpretations of the still relatively young term changed over the years and are weighted partly differently by different representatives even today. Below are some descriptions and definitions.
===History of the concept===
In the 2000s, the focus was on a combination of elements of conventional medicine with scientifically evaluated elements of complementary and alternative medicine (see definition NCCAM).<ref name=":2" /> Through the years the concept broadened to include aspects like the relationship between patient and doctor, a network of caretaking persons and in 2020 a democratic environment and a healthy natural environment, bringing the concept close to that of [[:en:One Health|One Health]] and impulses arising in mainstream medicine.
===Criticism of the concept===
There is also criticism of the term, which, apart from its salutogenetic orientation, contains no conceptual innovation over that of [[complementary medicine|complementary medicine]].<ref name=":1" />
==Aspects of integrative medicine==
A definition<ref name=":4" /> by the Andrew Weil center for integrative medicine sums up different aspects of integrative medicine:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Andrew Weil Center definition
!Perspective
!Concepts
|-
|Patient and practitioner are partners in the healing process.
|Relationship of patient and medical provider
|Partnership
|-
|All factors that influence health, wellness, and disease are taken into consideration, including mind, spirit, and community, as well as the body.
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Appropriate use of both conventional and alternative methods facilitates the body's innate healing response.
|Appropriate use of [[Conventional medicine|conventional]] and [[CAM]] therapies
|
|-
|Support of "body's innate healing response"
|[[Salutogenesis]], [[Hygiogenesis]]
|-
|Effective interventions that are natural and less invasive should be used whenever possible.
|
|
|-
|Integrative medicine neither rejects conventional medicine nor accepts alternative therapies uncritically.
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Good medicine is based in good science. It is inquiry-driven and open to new paradigms.
|Scientific basis
|[[Science]]
|-
|
|[[Plurality of paradigms]]
|-
|Alongside the concept of treatment, the broader concepts of health promotion and the prevention of illness are paramount.
|
|[[Treatment]],
[[Health promotion]],
[[Wikipedia:Prevention|Prevention]]
[[Salutogenesis]], [[Hygiogenesis]]
|-
|Practitioners of integrative medicine should exemplify its principles and commit themselves to self-exploration and self-development.
|
|[[Self-exploration]]
[[Wikipedia:Self-development|Self-development]]
|}
*
==Concept of Human Being==
Integrative medicine is sometimes perceived as a more human-centered approach to medicine, partly in response to perceived deficiencies in conventional medicine.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Kuhn| first = Daniela| title = Der menschliche Mediziner {{!}} NZZ| work = Neue Zürcher Zeitung| accessdate = 2021-07-10| url = https://www.nzz.ch/wissenschaft/bildung/der-menschliche-mediziner-1.18182902|date=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=live|language=de}}</ref> The latter achieves high levels of technical precision, but it is argued that its focus on a reductionistic-mechanistic worldview and concept of human beings does not always adequately address essential aspects of human nature. Aspects such as the uniqueness of each individual, human interaction, and biography come into play, which are difficult to reconcile with the prevalent machine paradigm. These considerations have also led to the development of biopsychosocial medicine.
Depending on the concept of human beings, questions regarding life processes, the human soul, and spirituality may come to the fore.
==Providers==
A variety of healthcare providers delivers care through integrative medicine. These providers may include: Physicians, nurse practitioners, chiropractic doctors, holistic mind-body psychotherapists, acupuncturists, chinese herbal therapists, tai chi practitioners, yoga practitioners, massage therapists, nutritionists, chefs ([[culinary medicine]]).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web| title = Integrative Medicine: What Is It, Types, Risks & Benefits| work = Cleveland Clinic| accessdate = 2023-06-23| url = https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21683-integrative-medicine}}</ref>
==Research==
Scientific research is a central element in the field of integrative medicine.
===Examples===
Within the framework of the 7th Framework Programme of the EU (FP7: 7th Framework Programme), a coordination project called "[[CAMbrella]]" was conducted to investigate the supply and demand of complementary medicine.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg| isbn = 978-3-662-48878-2| others = Michael Frass, Lothar Krenner (eds.)| title = Integrative Medizin: Evidenzbasierte komplementärmedizinische Methoden| location = Berlin, Heidelberg| accessdate = 2022-05-06| date = 2019| url = http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-48879-9|chapter=Komplementär- und integrativmedizinische Forschungsprojekte und Horizont 2020 (8. Europäisches Forschungsförderprogramm)|language=de|author=Hedda Sützl-Klein}}</ref> The acronym "CAMbrella" stands for "umbrella of Complementary and Alternative Medicine".
==Risks==
The treatments promoted in integrative medicine are not substitutes for conventional medical care. They should be used along with standard medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Integrative medicine - Mayo Clinic| work = Mayo Clinic| accessdate = 2023-06-23| url = https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/complementary-alternative-medicine/about/pac-20393581}}</ref> Integrative medicine should be used together with regular medical treatments. Integrative medicine providers communicate their care recommendations with other medical providers.<ref name=":5" /> Adequate regulatory and policy frameworks need to be put in place to ensure that risks are minimised.<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1876-3820| volume = 6| issue = 4| pages = 409–422| last1 = Wardle| first1 = Jonathan (Jon) Lee| last2 = Adams| first2 = Jon| title = Indirect and non-health risks associated with complementary and alternative medicine use: An integrative review| journal = European Journal of Integrative Medicine| accessdate = 2021-11-16| url = https://www.academia.edu/27637147/Indirect_and_non_health_risks_associated_with_complementary_and_alternative_medicine_use_An_integrative_review}}</ref>
<br />
==Definitions==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Definitions of Integrative Medicine
|+Definitions of Integrative Medicine
|2001
|2001
|Integrated medicine (or integrative medicine as it is referred to in the United States) is practising medicine in a way that selectively incorporates elements of complementary and alternative medicine into comprehensive treatment plans alongside solidly orthodox methods of diagnosis and treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.322.7279.119|title=Integrated medicine; Imbues orthodox medicine with the values of complementary medicine|first=Lesley|last=Rees|first2=Andrew|last2=Weil|author-link2=Andrew Weil|date=20 January 2001|page=|volume=322|issue=119}}</ref>
|Integrated medicine (or integrative medicine as it is referred to in the United States) is practising medicine in a way that selectively incorporates elements of complementary and alternative medicine into comprehensive treatment plans alongside solidly orthodox methods of diagnosis and treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.322.7279.119|title=Integrated medicine; Imbues orthodox medicine with the values of complementary medicine|first=Lesley|last=Rees|first2=Andrew|last2=Weil|author-link2=Andrew Weil|date=20 January 2001|page=|volume=322|issue=119}}</ref>
|Lesley Rees, [[Andrew Weil]]
|Lesley Rees, [[Andrew Weil|Andrew Weil]]
|-
|-
|'''[[Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine & Health]]'''
|'''[[Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine & Health]]'''
|
|
|The practice of medicine that reaffirms the importance of the practitioner-patient relationship. It focuses on the whole person, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic approaches, health care professionals, and disciplines to achieve optimal health and healing.[https://smhs.gwu.edu/integrative-medicine/]<ref name=":0" />
|The practice of medicine that reaffirms the importance of the practitioner-patient relationship. It focuses on the whole person, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic approaches, health care professionals, and disciplines to achieve optimal health and healing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://smhs.gwu.edu/integrative-medicine/|title=Integrative Medicine|access-date=1 October 2021|website=GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences (SMHS)}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|
|
|-
|-
|'''[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)]]'''
|'''[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)]]'''
|
|
|There are many definitions of “integrative” health care, but all involve bringing conventional and complementary approaches together in a coordinated way. ... NCCIH generally uses the term “complementary health approaches” when we discuss practices and products of non-mainstream origin. We use “integrative health” when we talk about incorporating complementary approaches into mainstream health care.<ref>https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health#integrative</ref>
|There are many definitions of “integrative” health care, but all involve bringing conventional and complementary approaches together in a coordinated way. ... NCCIH generally uses the term “complementary health approaches” when we discuss practices and products of non-mainstream origin. We use “integrative health” when we talk about incorporating complementary approaches into mainstream health care.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health#integrative|title=Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name?|access-date=2 October 2021|website=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|-
'''Herbal medicines''' - Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products, that contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations.<ref>http://www.who.int/traditional-complementary-integrative-medicine/about/en/</ref>
'''Herbal medicines''' - Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products, that contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/traditional-complementary-integrative-medicine/about/en/|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210308233417/http://www.who.int/traditional-complementary-integrative-medicine/about/en/|archive-date=8 March 2021|url-status=dead|title=Traditional, complementary and integrative medicine ; Definitions}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|-
|'''[[Benno Brinkhaus|Brinkhaus B]] and [[Tobias Esch|Esch T]], adapted Version of the US consortium IM'''
|'''[[Benno Brinkhaus|Brinkhaus B]] and [[Wikipedia:Tobias Esch|Esch T]], adapted Version of the US consortium IM'''
|2020
|2020
|Integrative medicine and Health reaffirms the importance of the relationship between practitioner and patient, focuses on the whole person, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic, preventive, health-promoting, and lifestyle approaches, healthcare professionals and disciplines to achieve optimal health and healing, emphasizing the art and science of healing. It is based on a social and democratic as well as natural and healthy environment.<ref name=":2" />
|Integrative medicine and Health reaffirms the importance of the relationship between practitioner and patient, focuses on the whole person, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic, preventive, health-promoting, and lifestyle approaches, healthcare professionals and disciplines to achieve optimal health and healing, emphasizing the art and science of healing. It is based on a social and democratic as well as natural and healthy environment.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Neue Definitionen der Integrativen Medizin: Alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen?|language=de|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/506224|publisher=Karger|journal=[[Wikipedia:Complement Med Res|Complement Med Res]]|doi=10.1159/000506224|date=2020|volume=27|pages=67–69|last=Esch|first2=Benno|last2=Brinkhaus|first=Tobias|author-link=Tobias Esch|author-link2=Benno Brinkhaus}}</ref>
|[[Benno Brinkhaus|Brinkhaus B]], [[Tobias Esch|Esch T]]
|[[Benno Brinkhaus|Brinkhaus B]], [[Wikipedia:Tobias Esch|Esch T]]
|-
|[[Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|access-date=2019-11-06|url=https://integrativemedicine.arizona.edu/about/definition.html|title=What is Integrative Medicine?|website=Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine website}}</ref>
|
|'''What is IM/IH?'''
Integrative Medicine (IM) is healing-oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person, including all aspects of lifestyle. It emphasizes the therapeutic relationship between practitioner and patient, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapies.
'''The Defining Principles of Integrative Medicine'''
*Patient and practitioner are partners in the healing process.
*All factors that influence health, wellness, and disease are taken into consideration, including mind, spirit, and community, as well as the body.
*Appropriate use of both conventional and alternative methods facilitates the body's innate healing response.
*Effective interventions that are natural and less invasive should be used whenever possible.
*Integrative medicine neither rejects conventional medicine nor accepts alternative therapies uncritically.
*Good medicine is based in good science. It is inquiry-driven and open to new paradigms.
*Alongside the concept of treatment, the broader concepts of health promotion and the prevention of illness are paramount.
*Practitioners of integrative medicine should exemplify its principles and commit themselves to self-exploration and self-development.
|
|}
|}
<br />
==Geographical distribution==
===USA===
In USA the integrative medical movement is represented by organizations like the [[Academic Consortium for Integrative Medicine & Health]], the [[Academy of Integrative Health & Medicine (AIHM)]], the [[International College of Integrative Medicine|international college of integrative medicine]] (ICIM) or the [[Integrative Medicine Consortium]] (IMC). In the [[Wikipedia:National institutes of health|national institutes of health]] there is a department for integrative medicine called [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)]].<ref name=":3" />
==='''Germany'''===
The [[Hufeland Society|Hufeland society]] is the umbrella organization of complementary medical organizations in germany. In 2021 an [[alliance for integrative medicine and health]] began to form.
== Weblinks ==
* [https://citizendium.org/wiki/Integrative_medicine Integrative medicine] on [https://citizendium.org/ Citizendium]
==References==
==References==
<references />
<references />