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'''Medicine''' is the [[science]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Firth | first = John | title = Oxford textbook of medicine | chapter = Science in medicine: when, how, and what | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | year = 2020 | isbn = 978-0198746690 }}</ref> and [[Praxis (process) |practice]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saunders J |title=The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science |journal=Med Humanit |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |date=June 2000 |pmid=12484313 |doi=10.1136/mh.26.1.18 |s2cid=73306806 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> of caring for a patient, managing the [[diagnosis]], [[prognosis]], [[Preventive medicine|prevention]], [[therapy|treatment]], [[Palliative care | palliation]] of their [[injury]] or [[disease]], and [[Health promotion|promoting their health]]. Medicine encompasses a variety of [[health care]] practices evolved to maintain and restore [[health]] by the [[prevention (medical)|prevention]] and [[therapy|treatment]] of [[illness]]. Contemporary medicine applies [[biomedical sciences]], [[biomedical research]], [[medical genetics|genetics]], and [[medical technology]] to [[diagnosis (medical)|diagnose]], treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through [[pharmaceutical]]s or [[surgery]], but also through therapies as diverse as [[psychotherapy]], [[splint (medicine)|external splints and traction]], [[medical device]]s, [[biologic medical product|biologics]], and [[Radiation (medicine)|ionizing radiation]], amongst others.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine | title=Dictionary, medicine | access-date=2 Dec 2013 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304154538/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine | url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Medicine''' is the [[science]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Firth | first = John | title = Oxford textbook of medicine | chapter = Science in medicine: when, how, and what | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | year = 2020 | isbn = 978-0198746690 }}</ref> and [[Wikipedia:Praxis (process) |practice]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Saunders J |title=The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science |journal=Med Humanit |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |date=June 2000 |pmid=12484313 |doi=10.1136/mh.26.1.18 |s2cid=73306806 |url=|doi-access=free }}</ref> of caring for a patient, managing the [[Wikipedia:diagnosis|diagnosis]], [[Wikipedia:prognosis|prognosis]], [[Wikipedia:Preventive medicine|prevention]], [[Wikipedia:therapy|treatment]], [[Wikipedia:Palliative care | palliation]] of their [[Wikipedia:injury|injury]] or [[Wikipedia:disease|disease]], and [[Wikipedia:Health promotion|promoting their health]]. Medicine encompasses a variety of [[Wikipedia:health care|health care]] practices evolved to maintain and restore [[Wikipedia:health|health]] by the [[Wikipedia:prevention (medical)|prevention]] and [[Wikipedia:therapy|treatment]] of [[Wikipedia:illness|illness]]. Contemporary medicine applies [[Wikipedia:biomedical sciences|biomedical sciences]], [[Wikipedia:biomedical research|biomedical research]], [[Wikipedia:medical genetics|genetics]], and [[Wikipedia:medical technology|medical technology]] to [[Wikipedia:diagnosis (medical)|diagnose]], treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through [[Wikipedia:pharmaceutical|pharmaceutical]]s or [[Wikipedia:surgery|surgery]], but also through therapies as diverse as [[Wikipedia:psychotherapy|psychotherapy]], [[Wikipedia:splint (medicine)|external splints and traction]], [[Wikipedia:medical device|medical device]]s, [[Wikipedia:biologic medical product|biologics]], and [[Wikipedia:Radiation (medicine)|ionizing radiation]], amongst others.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine | title=Dictionary, medicine | access-date=2 Dec 2013 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304154538/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/medicine | url-status=live }}</ref>

There are different perspectives, systems and cultures in medicine. There is a mainstream based on western thought and science, sometimes called [[mainstream medicine]] or [[conventional medicine]]. Besides that there are systems with different cultural origin, or different [[Paradigm|paradigms]]. These bear different names like [[traditional medicine]], [[alternative medicine]] or [[complementary medicine]]. An impulse of integration of different medical approaches lives in [[integrative medicine]].

There are different perspectives, systems and cultures in medicine. There is a mainstream based on western thought and science, sometimes called [[mainstream medicine]] or [[conventional medicine]]. Besides that there are systems with different cultural origin, or different [[Wikipedia:Paradigm|paradigms]]. These bear different names like [[Wikipedia:traditional medicine|traditional medicine]], [[alternative medicine]] or [[complementary medicine]]. An impulse of integration of different medical approaches lives in [[integrative medicine]].

==Traditional medicine==

==Traditional medicine==

{{main|Traditional medicine}}

{{main|Traditional medicine}}

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness."<ref name="WHO">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/|title=Traditional Medicine: Definitions|date=2008-12-01|access-date=2014-04-20|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808043653/https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Practices known as traditional medicines include [[Ayurveda]], [[Siddha medicine]], [[Unani]], [[Ancient Iranian Medicine|ancient Iranian medicine]], [[Irani Traditional medicine|Irani]], [[Medicine in medieval Islam|Islamic medicine]], [[traditional Chinese medicine]], [[traditional Korean medicine]], [[acupuncture]], [[Muti]], [[Ifá]], and [[traditional African medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional Medicine-2020 {{!}} Alternative Medicine-2020 {{!}} Herbal Medicine-2020 {{!}} Naturopathic Medicine 2020 {{!}} 5th World Congress on Traditional and Alternative Medicine |url=https://www.scientificfederation.com/traditional-medicine-2020/ |website=www.scientificfederation.com |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807121030/https://www.scientificfederation.com/traditional-medicine-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] (WHO) defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness."<ref name="WHO">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/|title=Traditional Medicine: Definitions|date=2008-12-01|access-date=2014-04-20|publisher=[[Wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808043653/https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> Practices known as traditional medicines include [[Ayurveda]], [[Wikipedia:Siddha medicine|Siddha medicine]], [[Wikipedia:Unani|Unani]], [[Wikipedia:Ancient Iranian Medicine|ancient Iranian medicine]], [[Wikipedia:Irani Traditional medicine|Irani]], [[Wikipedia:Medicine in medieval Islam|Islamic medicine]], [[Wikipedia:traditional Chinese medicine|traditional Chinese medicine]], [[Wikipedia:traditional Korean medicine|traditional Korean medicine]], [[Wikipedia:acupuncture|acupuncture]], [[Wikipedia:Muti|Muti]], [[Wikipedia:Ifá|Ifá]], and [[Wikipedia:traditional African medicine|traditional African medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional Medicine-2020 {{!}} Alternative Medicine-2020 {{!}} Herbal Medicine-2020 {{!}} Naturopathic Medicine 2020 {{!}} 5th World Congress on Traditional and Alternative Medicine |url=https://www.scientificfederation.com/traditional-medicine-2020/ |website=www.scientificfederation.com |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807121030/https://www.scientificfederation.com/traditional-medicine-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The WHO stated that "inappropriate use of traditional medicines or practices can have negative or dangerous effects" and that "further research is needed to ascertain the efficacy and safety" of several of the practices and medicinal plants used by traditional medicine systems.<ref name = WHO/> As an example practitioners of traditional medicine are not authorized to practice medicine in India unless trained at a qualified medical institution, registered with the government, and listed as registered physicians annually in [[The Gazette of India]].<ref name="agrawal">{{cite web |author1=Justice RK Agrawal |title=Judgment by the Supreme Court of India: Kerala Ayurveda Paramparya vs State Of Kerala |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/2987190/ |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=9 December 2019 |date=13 April 2018 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170708/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/2987190/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ima14">{{cite web |title=IMA Anti Quackery |url=http://www.ima-india.org/ima/left-side-bar.php?scid=291 |publisher=Indian Medical Association |access-date=28 November 2019 |date=2014 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131193119/http://www.ima-india.org/ima/left-side-bar.php?scid=291 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The WHO stated that "inappropriate use of traditional medicines or practices can have negative or dangerous effects" and that "further research is needed to ascertain the efficacy and safety" of several of the practices and medicinal plants used by traditional medicine systems.<ref name = WHO/> As an example practitioners of traditional medicine are not authorized to practice medicine in India unless trained at a qualified medical institution, registered with the government, and listed as registered physicians annually in [[Wikipedia:The Gazette of India|The Gazette of India]].<ref name="agrawal">{{cite web |author1=Justice RK Agrawal |title=Judgment by the Supreme Court of India: Kerala Ayurveda Paramparya vs State Of Kerala |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/2987190/ |publisher=Supreme Court of India |access-date=9 December 2019 |date=13 April 2018 |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170708/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/2987190/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ima14">{{cite web |title=IMA Anti Quackery |url=http://www.ima-india.org/ima/left-side-bar.php?scid=291 |publisher=Indian Medical Association |access-date=28 November 2019 |date=2014 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131193119/http://www.ima-india.org/ima/left-side-bar.php?scid=291 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Evidence on the effectiveness of the alternative medicine practice of [[acupuncture]] is "variable and inconsistent" for any condition,<ref name=Colquhoun2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colquhoun D, Novella SP | title = Acupuncture is theatrical placebo | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 116 | issue = 6 | pages = 1360–3 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23709076 | doi = 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e | s2cid = 207135491 | url = http://www.dcscience.net/Colquhoun-Novella-A&A-2013.pdf | author-link = David Colquhoun | access-date = 18 August 2021 | archive-date = 20 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055409/http://www.dcscience.net/Colquhoun-Novella-A%26A-2013.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> but is generally safe when done by an appropriately trained practitioner.<ref name="nciacupuncture">{{cite web|title=Acupuncture (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/acupuncture/healthprofessional/page6|publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]|access-date=15 Sep 2013|date=2005-09-23|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929100111/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/acupuncture/HealthProfessional/page6|url-status=live}}</ref>

Evidence on the effectiveness of the alternative medicine practice of [[Wikipedia:acupuncture|acupuncture]] is "variable and inconsistent" for any condition,<ref name=Colquhoun2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colquhoun D, Novella SP | title = Acupuncture is theatrical placebo | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 116 | issue = 6 | pages = 1360–3 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23709076 | doi = 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e | s2cid = 207135491 | url = http://www.dcscience.net/Colquhoun-Novella-A&A-2013.pdf | author-link = David Colquhoun | access-date = 18 August 2021 | archive-date = 20 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055409/http://www.dcscience.net/Colquhoun-Novella-A%26A-2013.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> but is generally safe when done by an appropriately trained practitioner.<ref name="nciacupuncture">{{cite web|title=Acupuncture (PDQ®)|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/acupuncture/healthprofessional/page6|publisher=[[Wikipedia:National Cancer Institute|National Cancer Institute]]|access-date=15 Sep 2013|date=2005-09-23|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929100111/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/acupuncture/HealthProfessional/page6|url-status=live}}</ref>

==references==

==references==

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