Changes

{{short description|Health and fitness interventions that are supposed to work on a physical and mental level such as yoga, tai chi, and pilates.}}

{{short description|Health and fitness interventions that are supposed to work on a physical and mental level such as yoga, tai chi, and pilates.}}

'''Mind–body interventions''' (MBI) (often used interchangeably with '''Mind-body training''' (MBT))<ref name="NCCIH 2014">{{cite web | title=Framework for Developing and Testing Mind and Body Interventions | website=NCCIH | date=2014-04-24 | url=https://nccih.nih.gov/grants/mindbody/framework | access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref name="pubmeddev LM Al.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gendron LM, Nyberg A, Saey D, Maltais F, Lacasse Y | title = Active mind-body movement therapies as an adjunct to or in comparison with pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | pages = CD012290 | date = October 2018 | issue = 10 | pmid = 30306545 | pmc = 6517162 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012290.pub2 }}</ref> describes health and fitness interventions that are supposed to work on a physical and mental level such as [[Wikipedia:yoga|yoga]], [[Wikipedia:tai chi|tai chi]], and [[Wikipedia:pilates|pilates]].<ref name="Jung Ha">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jung YH, Ha TM, Oh CY, Lee US, Jang JH, Kim J, Park JO, Kang DH | display-authors = 6 | title = The Effects of an Online Mind-Body Training Program on Stress, Coping Strategies, Emotional Intelligence, Resilience and Psychological State | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = e0159841 | date = 2016-08-01 | pmid = 27479499 | pmc = 4968838 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0159841 | editor-first = Eugene V | bibcode = 2016PLoSO..1159841J | editor-last = Aidman | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Lee Mancuso">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee SW, Mancuso CA, Charlson ME | title = Prospective study of new participants in a community-based mind-body training program | journal = Journal of General Internal Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 7 | pages = 760–5 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15209590 | pmc = 1492489 | doi = 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30011.x }}</ref><ref name="Gruicic Benton pp. 798–814">{{cite journal | last1=Gruicic | first1=Dusan | last2=Benton | first2=Stephen | title=Development of managers' emotional competencies: mind-body training implication | journal=European Journal of Training and Development | publisher=Emerald | volume=39 | issue=9 | date=2015-11-02 | issn=2046-9012 | doi=10.1108/ejtd-04-2015-0026 | pages=798–814}}</ref>

'''Mind–body interventions''' (MBI) (often used interchangeably with '''Mind-body training''' (MBT))<ref name="NCCIH 2014">{{cite web | title=Framework for Developing and Testing Mind and Body Interventions | website=NCCIH | date=2014-04-24 | url=https://nccih.nih.gov/grants/mindbody/framework | access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev LM Al.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gendron LM, Nyberg A, Saey D, Maltais F, Lacasse Y | title = Active mind-body movement therapies as an adjunct to or in comparison with pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | pages = CD012290 | date = October 2018 | issue = 10 | pmid = 30306545 | pmc = 6517162 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012290.pub2 }}</ref> describes health and fitness interventions that are supposed to work on a physical and mental level such as [[Wikipedia:yoga|yoga]], [[Wikipedia:tai chi|tai chi]], and [[Wikipedia:pilates|pilates]].<ref name="Jung Ha">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jung YH, Ha TM, Oh CY, Lee US, Jang JH, Kim J, Park JO, Kang DH | display-authors = 6 | title = The Effects of an Online Mind-Body Training Program on Stress, Coping Strategies, Emotional Intelligence, Resilience and Psychological State | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = e0159841 | date = 2016-08-01 | pmid = 27479499 | pmc = 4968838 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0159841 | editor-first = Eugene V | bibcode = 2016PLoSO..1159841J | editor-last = Aidman | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Lee Mancuso">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee SW, Mancuso CA, Charlson ME | title = Prospective study of new participants in a community-based mind-body training program | journal = Journal of General Internal Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 7 | pages = 760–5 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15209590 | pmc = 1492489 | doi = 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.30011.x }}</ref><ref name="Gruicic Benton pp. 798–814">{{cite journal | last1=Gruicic | first1=Dusan | last2=Benton | first2=Stephen | title=Development of managers' emotional competencies: mind-body training implication | journal=European Journal of Training and Development | publisher=Emerald | volume=39 | issue=9 | date=2015-11-02 | issn=2046-9012 | doi=10.1108/ejtd-04-2015-0026 | pages=798–814}}</ref>

The category was introduced in September 2000 by the [[Wikipedia:United States|United States]] [[Wikipedia:National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health|National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] (NCCIH) and encompasses [[alternative medicine]] interventions.<ref name="Online Version">US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health Collection Development Manual. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8 October 2003. [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html Online Version.] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref> It excludes scientifically validated practices such as [[Wikipedia:cognitive behavioral therapy|cognitive behavioral therapy]]. [[Wikipedia:Cochrane Reviews|Cochrane Reviews]] have found that studies in this area are small and have low scientific validity.<ref name=" pubmeddev J Al. 2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Broderick J, Crumlish N, Waugh A, Vancampfort D | title = Yoga versus non-standard care for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | pages = CD012052 | date = September 2017 | issue = 9 | pmid = 28956893 | pmc = 6483630 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012052.pub2 }}</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev JS Al. 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwong JS, Lau HL, Yeung F, Chau PH | editor1-first = Joey SW | editor1-last = Kwong | title = Yoga for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 7 | pages = CD009506 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26130018 | pmc = 7100571 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009506.pub4 }}</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev A Al. 2013"/><ref name=" pubmeddev Z Al. 2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Z, Sun YY, Zhong BL | title = Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | pages = CD012791 | date = August 2018 | issue = 8 | pmid = 30106471 | pmc = 6513415 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012791.pub2 }}</ref><ref name="Cochrane 2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ngai SP, Jones AY, Tam WW | title = Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | pages = CD009953 | date = June 2016 | volume = 2016 | pmid = 27272131 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009953.pub2 | pmc = 8504989 | url = https://www.cochrane.org/CD009953/AIRWAYS_tai-chi-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd | access-date = 2019-07-23 }}</ref><ref name="Cebolla Demarzo Martins Soler p=e0183137">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cebolla A, Demarzo M, Martins P, Soler J, Garcia-Campayo J | title = Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = e0183137 | date = 2017-09-05 | pmid = 28873417 | pmc = 5584749 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0183137 | editor-first = Robert K | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1283137C | editor-last = Hills | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The category was introduced in September 2000 by the [[Wikipedia:United States|United States]] [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)|National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] (NCCIH) and encompasses [[CAM]] interventions.<ref name="Online Version">US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health Collection Development Manual. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 8 October 2003. [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html Online Version.] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref> It excludes scientifically validated practices such as [[Wikipedia:cognitive behavioral therapy|cognitive behavioral therapy]]. [[Wikipedia:Cochrane Reviews|Cochrane Reviews]] have found that studies in this area are small and have low scientific validity.<ref name="pubmeddev J Al. 2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Broderick J, Crumlish N, Waugh A, Vancampfort D | title = Yoga versus non-standard care for schizophrenia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2017 | pages = CD012052 | date = September 2017 | issue = 9 | pmid = 28956893 | pmc = 6483630 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012052.pub2 }}</ref><ref name="pubmeddev JS Al. 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kwong JS, Lau HL, Yeung F, Chau PH | editor1-first = Joey SW | editor1-last = Kwong | title = Yoga for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 7 | pages = CD009506 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26130018 | pmc = 7100571 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009506.pub4 }}</ref><ref name="pubmeddev A Al. 2013" /><ref name="pubmeddev Z Al. 2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Z, Sun YY, Zhong BL | title = Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2018 | pages = CD012791 | date = August 2018 | issue = 8 | pmid = 30106471 | pmc = 6513415 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012791.pub2 }}</ref><ref name="Cochrane 2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ngai SP, Jones AY, Tam WW | title = Tai Chi for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 6 | pages = CD009953 | date = June 2016 | volume = 2016 | pmid = 27272131 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009953.pub2 | pmc = 8504989 | url = https://www.cochrane.org/CD009953/AIRWAYS_tai-chi-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd | access-date = 2019-07-23 }}</ref><ref name="Cebolla Demarzo Martins Soler p=e0183137">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cebolla A, Demarzo M, Martins P, Soler J, Garcia-Campayo J | title = Unwanted effects: Is there a negative side of meditation? A multicentre survey | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = e0183137 | date = 2017-09-05 | pmid = 28873417 | pmc = 5584749 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0183137 | editor-first = Robert K | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1283137C | editor-last = Hills | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Since 2008, authors documenting research conducted on behalf of the [[Wikipedia:National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health|NCCIH]] have used terms "mind and body practices" and "mind-body medicine" interchangeably with mind-body interventions to denote [[Wikipedia:Therapy|therapies]], as well as [[Wikipedia:Physical medicine and rehabilitation|physical]] and [[Wikipedia:Psychiatric rehabilitation|mental]] rehabilitative practices, which "focus on the relationships between the brain, mind, body, and behavior, and their effect on health and disease."<ref name="pmid23227136">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wahbeh H, Haywood A, Kaufman K, Zwickey H | title = Mind-Body Medicine and Immune System Outcomes: A Systematic Review | journal = The Open Complementary Medicine Journal | volume = 1 | pages = 25–34 | date = 2009 | pmid = 23227136 | pmc = 3516431 | doi = 10.2174/1876391X00901010025 }}</ref> The center has also stated that "mind and body practices include a large and diverse group of procedures or techniques administered or taught by a trained practitioner or teacher".<ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. [https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health Online Version.] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref>

Since 2008, authors documenting research conducted on behalf of the [[Wikipedia:National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health|NCCIH]] have used terms "mind and body practices" and "mind-body medicine" interchangeably with mind-body interventions to denote [[Wikipedia:Therapy|therapies]], as well as [[Wikipedia:Physical medicine and rehabilitation|physical]] and [[Wikipedia:Psychiatric rehabilitation|mental]] rehabilitative practices, which "focus on the relationships between the brain, mind, body, and behavior, and their effect on health and disease."<ref name="pmid23227136">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wahbeh H, Haywood A, Kaufman K, Zwickey H | title = Mind-Body Medicine and Immune System Outcomes: A Systematic Review | journal = The Open Complementary Medicine Journal | volume = 1 | pages = 25–34 | date = 2009 | pmid = 23227136 | pmc = 3516431 | doi = 10.2174/1876391X00901010025 }}</ref> The center has also stated that "mind and body practices include a large and diverse group of procedures or techniques administered or taught by a trained practitioner or teacher".<ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. [https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health Online Version.] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref>

==Definitions==

==Definitions==

The [[Wikipedia:National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health|United States National Center]] for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) defines mind-body interventions as activities that purposefully affect mental and physical fitness, listing activities such as yoga, tai chi, pilates, [[Wikipedia:guided imagery|guided imagery]], [[Wikipedia:guided meditation|guided meditation]] and forms of [[Wikipedia:Meditation|meditative praxis]], [[Wikipedia:hypnosis|hypnosis]], [[Wikipedia:hypnotherapy|hypnotherapy]], and [[Wikipedia:prayer|prayer]], as well as [[Wikipedia:art therapy|art therapy]], [[Wikipedia:music therapy|music therapy]], and [[Wikipedia:dance therapy|dance therapy]].<ref name="NCCIH 2014"/><ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. [https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health Online Version.] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref><ref>Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001-2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. [https://nccih.nih.gov/sites/nccam.nih.gov/files/about/plans/fiveyear/fiveyear.pdf Online Version] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref><ref>Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001–2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. [https://nccih.nih.gov/sites/nccam.nih.gov/files/about/plans/fiveyear/fiveyear.pdf Online Version] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref>

The [[Wikipedia:National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health|United States National Center]] for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) defines mind-body interventions as activities that purposefully affect mental and physical fitness, listing activities such as yoga, tai chi, pilates, [[Wikipedia:guided imagery|guided imagery]], [[Wikipedia:guided meditation|guided meditation]] and forms of [[Wikipedia:Meditation|meditative praxis]], [[Wikipedia:hypnosis|hypnosis]], [[Wikipedia:hypnotherapy|hypnotherapy]], and [[Wikipedia:prayer|prayer]], as well as [[Wikipedia:art therapy|art therapy]], [[Wikipedia:music therapy|music therapy]], and [[Wikipedia:dance therapy|dance therapy]].<ref name="NCCIH 2014" /><ref>Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. [https://nccih.nih.gov/health/integrative-health Online Version.] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref><ref>Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001-2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. [https://nccih.nih.gov/sites/nccam.nih.gov/files/about/plans/fiveyear/fiveyear.pdf Online Version] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref><ref>Straus, S. E., Expanding Horizons of Healthcare: Five Year Strategic Plan 2001–2005. 25 September 2000. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. 01-5001. [https://nccih.nih.gov/sites/nccam.nih.gov/files/about/plans/fiveyear/fiveyear.pdf Online Version] Retrieved 31 July 2015.</ref>

The [[Wikipedia:Cochrane Library|Cochrane Library]] contains 3 systematic reviews that explicitly cite and define MBI as MBT.<ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007559.pub2">{{cite journal | title=Redirecting | journal=Biochemical Pharmacology | date=September 1975 | volume=24 | issue=17 | pages=1639–1641 | doi=10.1016/0006-2952(75)90094-5 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 | access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev A Al. 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Theadom A, Cropley M, Smith HE, Feigin VL, McPherson K | title = Mind and body therapy for fibromyalgia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD001980 | date = April 2015 | volume = 2015 | pmid = 25856658 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001980.pub3 | pmc = 8409283 }}</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev LM Al."/> The reviews consider [[Wikipedia:biofeedback|biofeedback]], [[Wikipedia:mindfulness|mindfulness]], [[Wikipedia:autogenic training|autogenic training]], [[Wikipedia:hypnotherapy|hypnotherapy]], [[Wikipedia:imagery|imagery]], [[Wikipedia:meditation|meditation]], and [[Wikipedia:prayer|prayer]] as MBT despite them focusing more strictly on the mind.

The [[Wikipedia:Cochrane Library|Cochrane Library]] contains 3 systematic reviews that explicitly cite and define MBI as MBT.<ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007559.pub2">{{cite journal | title=Redirecting | journal=Biochemical Pharmacology | date=September 1975 | volume=24 | issue=17 | pages=1639–1641 | doi=10.1016/0006-2952(75)90094-5 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 | access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref name="pubmeddev A Al. 2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Theadom A, Cropley M, Smith HE, Feigin VL, McPherson K | title = Mind and body therapy for fibromyalgia | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 4 | pages = CD001980 | date = April 2015 | volume = 2015 | pmid = 25856658 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001980.pub3 | pmc = 8409283 }}</ref><ref name="pubmeddev LM Al." /> The reviews consider [[Wikipedia:biofeedback|biofeedback]], [[Wikipedia:mindfulness|mindfulness]], [[Wikipedia:autogenic training|autogenic training]], [[Wikipedia:hypnotherapy|hypnotherapy]], [[Wikipedia:imagery|imagery]], [[Wikipedia:meditation|meditation]], and [[Wikipedia:prayer|prayer]] as MBT despite them focusing more strictly on the mind.

One review uses a narrower definition, defining MBT as an ‘active’ intervention in which mental and physical exercises are alternated.<ref name=" pubmeddev LM Al."/>

One review uses a narrower definition, defining MBT as an ‘active’ intervention in which mental and physical exercises are alternated.<ref name="pubmeddev LM Al." />

A web search will yield mentions of mind-body training in offerings of entities that give yoga, pilates, or meditation training, but explicit definitions are rare.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

A web search will yield mentions of mind-body training in offerings of entities that give yoga, pilates, or meditation training, but explicit definitions are rare.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

== Origins and history ==

==Origins and history==

Western MBI was popularized in the early 20th century but dates back to [[Wikipedia:Ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]].<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p. "/> The Greek values of strength and beauty in combination with [[Wikipedia:Greek mythology|Greek mythology]] led to activities intended to promote confidence.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Western MBI was popularized in the early 20th century but dates back to [[Wikipedia:Ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]].<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p." /> The Greek values of strength and beauty in combination with [[Wikipedia:Greek mythology|Greek mythology]] led to activities intended to promote confidence.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Eastern MBI in the form of [[Wikipedia:yoga|yoga]] originated in [[Wikipedia:Ancient India|Ancient India]] and has been around since at least 500 BCE and possibly as early as 3300 BCE.<ref name="Crangle 1994 p. ">{{cite book | last=Crangle | first=E.F. | title=The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices | publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag | series=Studies in Oriental religions | year=1994 | isbn=978-3-447-03479-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOzdcIxJy2sC | access-date=2019-07-23 | pages=4–7}}</ref><ref name="Zimmer Campbell 1951 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Zimmer | first1=H.R. | last2=Campbell | first2=J. | title=Philosophies of India | publisher=Princeton University Press | series=A.W. Mellon lectures in the fine arts | year=1951 | isbn=978-0-691-01758-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC | access-date=2019-07-23 | page=217}}</ref><ref name="Samuel 2008 p. ">{{cite book | last=Samuel | first=G. | title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-139-47021-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C | access-date=2019-07-23 }}</ref>

Eastern MBI in the form of [[Wikipedia:yoga|yoga]] originated in [[Wikipedia:Ancient India|Ancient India]] and has been around since at least 500 BCE and possibly as early as 3300 BCE.<ref name="Crangle 1994 p.">{{cite book | last=Crangle | first=E.F. | title=The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices | publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag | series=Studies in Oriental religions | year=1994 | isbn=978-3-447-03479-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOzdcIxJy2sC | access-date=2019-07-23 | pages=4–7}}</ref><ref name="Zimmer Campbell 1951 p.">{{cite book | last1=Zimmer | first1=H.R. | last2=Campbell | first2=J. | title=Philosophies of India | publisher=Princeton University Press | series=A.W. Mellon lectures in the fine arts | year=1951 | isbn=978-0-691-01758-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC | access-date=2019-07-23 | page=217}}</ref><ref name="Samuel 2008 p.">{{cite book | last=Samuel | first=G. | title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra: Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2008 | isbn=978-1-139-47021-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAvrTGrbpf4C | access-date=2019-07-23 }}</ref>

A renewed interest developed in mind-body work in the late 19th and early 20th century. Possibly due to visits from yoga gurus and increased interest, some medical practitioners and movement specialists developed movement therapies with a deliberate mental focus.<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p. "/>

A renewed interest developed in mind-body work in the late 19th and early 20th century. Possibly due to visits from yoga gurus and increased interest, some medical practitioners and movement specialists developed movement therapies with a deliberate mental focus.<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p." />

Two prominent names in modern mind-body training are [[Wikipedia:Joseph Pilates|Joseph Pilates]] (1880-1967) and [[Wikipedia:Margaret Morris (dancer)|Margaret Morris]] (1891-1980). A famous statement of Joseph Pilates was “Physical fitness is the first requisite of happiness.”<ref name="Morris Jeayes 2003 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Morris | first1=M. | last2=Jeayes | first2=I. | title=My Life in Movement | publisher=International Association of MMM Limited | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-9531034-1-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImB4AAAACAAJ | access-date=2019-07-23 }}</ref> Margaret Morris had a background in dance and claimed a connection between a free dance and a free mind.<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p. ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman J, Gabel CP | title = The origins of Western mind-body exercise methods | journal = Physical Therapy Reviews | volume = 20 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 315–324 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 27695277 | pmc = 5022134 | doi = 10.1080/10833196.2015.1125587 }}</ref><ref name=" pubmeddev P Al. 2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Larsen P, Marino F, Melehan K, Guelfi KJ, Duffield R, Skein M | title = High-intensity interval exercise induces greater acute changes in sleep, appetite-related hormones, and free-living energy intake than does moderate-intensity continuous exercise | journal = Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 557–566 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30332549 | doi = 10.1139/apnm-2018-0503 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 1807/94405 | s2cid = 52985475 }}</ref>

Two prominent names in modern mind-body training are [[Wikipedia:Joseph Pilates|Joseph Pilates]] (1880-1967) and [[Wikipedia:Margaret Morris (dancer)|Margaret Morris]] (1891-1980). A famous statement of Joseph Pilates was “Physical fitness is the first requisite of happiness.”<ref name="Morris Jeayes 2003 p.">{{cite book | last1=Morris | first1=M. | last2=Jeayes | first2=I. | title=My Life in Movement | publisher=International Association of MMM Limited | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-9531034-1-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImB4AAAACAAJ | access-date=2019-07-23 }}</ref> Margaret Morris had a background in dance and claimed a connection between a free dance and a free mind.<ref name="Hoffman Gabel 2015 p.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hoffman J, Gabel CP | title = The origins of Western mind-body exercise methods | journal = Physical Therapy Reviews | volume = 20 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 315–324 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 27695277 | pmc = 5022134 | doi = 10.1080/10833196.2015.1125587 }}</ref><ref name="pubmeddev P Al. 2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Larsen P, Marino F, Melehan K, Guelfi KJ, Duffield R, Skein M | title = High-intensity interval exercise induces greater acute changes in sleep, appetite-related hormones, and free-living energy intake than does moderate-intensity continuous exercise | journal = Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism | volume = 44 | issue = 5 | pages = 557–566 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 30332549 | doi = 10.1139/apnm-2018-0503 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 1807/94405 | s2cid = 52985475 }}</ref>

==In conventional medicine==

==In conventional medicine==

All mind-body interventions focus on the interaction between the [[Wikipedia:brain|brain]], [[Wikipedia:Human body|body]], and [[Wikipedia:behavior|behavior]] and are practiced with intention to use the [[Wikipedia:mind|mind]] to alter physical function and promote overall [[Wikipedia:health|health]] and [[Wikipedia:well-being|well-being]].<ref name="pmid21116746">{{cite journal | vauthors = Elkins G, Fisher W, Johnson A | title = Mind-body therapies in integrative oncology | journal = Current Treatment Options in Oncology | volume = 11 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 128–40 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21116746 | doi = 10.1007/s11864-010-0129-x | s2cid = 9358639 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21717826">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wieland LS, Manheimer E, Berman BM | title = Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane collaboration | journal = Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 50–9 | date = 2011 | pmid = 21717826 | pmc = 3196853 }}</ref>

All mind-body interventions focus on the interaction between the [[Wikipedia:brain|brain]], [[Wikipedia:Human body|body]], and [[Wikipedia:behavior|behavior]] and are practiced with intention to use the [[Wikipedia:mind|mind]] to alter physical function and promote overall [[Wikipedia:health|health]] and [[Wikipedia:well-being|well-being]].<ref name="pmid21116746">{{cite journal | vauthors = Elkins G, Fisher W, Johnson A | title = Mind-body therapies in integrative oncology | journal = Current Treatment Options in Oncology | volume = 11 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 128–40 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21116746 | doi = 10.1007/s11864-010-0129-x | s2cid = 9358639 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21717826">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wieland LS, Manheimer E, Berman BM | title = Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane collaboration | journal = Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 2 | pages = 50–9 | date = 2011 | pmid = 21717826 | pmc = 3196853 }}</ref>

However, the [[Wikipedia:National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health|NCCIH]] does not consider mind-body interventions as within the purview of complementary and alternative medicine when there is sufficient [[Wikipedia:scientific evidence|scientific evidence]] for the benefit of such practices along with their professional application in [[Medicine|conventional medicine]]. [[Wikipedia:Cognitive behavioral therapy|Cognitive behavioral therapy]] is defined by the NCCIH as a mind-body intervention because it utilizes the [[Wikipedia:mind|mind]]'s capacity to affect bodily function and [[Wikipedia:symptom|symptom]]s, but also there is sufficient [[Wikipedia:scientific evidence|scientific evidence]] and [[Medicine|mainstream application]] for it to fall outside the purview of complementary and alternative medicine.<ref name="Online Version"/>

However, the [[Wikipedia:National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health|NCCIH]] does not consider mind-body interventions as within the purview of complementary and alternative medicine when there is sufficient [[Wikipedia:scientific evidence|scientific evidence]] for the benefit of such practices along with their professional application in [[Medicine|conventional medicine]]. [[Wikipedia:Cognitive behavioral therapy|Cognitive behavioral therapy]] is defined by the NCCIH as a mind-body intervention because it utilizes the [[Wikipedia:mind|mind]]'s capacity to affect bodily function and [[Wikipedia:symptom|symptom]]s, but also there is sufficient [[Wikipedia:scientific evidence|scientific evidence]] and [[Medicine|mainstream application]] for it to fall outside the purview of complementary and alternative medicine.<ref name="Online Version" />

==Evidence for efficacy==

==Evidence for efficacy==

Most studies of MBI and related techniques are small and have low scientific validity, a finding that dominates many [[Wikipedia:Cochrane Reviews|Cochrane Reviews]].<ref name=" pubmeddev J Al. 2017"/><ref name=" pubmeddev JS Al. 2014"/><ref name=" pubmeddev A Al. 2013"/><ref name=" pubmeddev Z Al. 2017"/><ref name="Cochrane 2016"/><ref name="Cebolla Demarzo Martins Soler p=e0183137"/> Some of the individual studies do show positive results, but this may be due to chance or placebo effects and the significance may diminish when groups are randomized.

Most studies of MBI and related techniques are small and have low scientific validity, a finding that dominates many [[Wikipedia:Cochrane Reviews|Cochrane Reviews]].<ref name="pubmeddev J Al. 2017" /><ref name="pubmeddev JS Al. 2014" /><ref name="pubmeddev A Al. 2013" /><ref name="pubmeddev Z Al. 2017" /><ref name="Cochrane 2016" /><ref name="Cebolla Demarzo Martins Soler p=e0183137" /> Some of the individual studies do show positive results, but this may be due to chance or placebo effects and the significance may diminish when groups are randomized.

Proponents of MBI techniques suggest that a rationale for mind-body training is that the mind follows the body and the body follows the mind. The body-mind connection can be attributed to hormones and chemicals released during movement,<ref name="Leisman Moustafa Shafir p. ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leisman G, Moustafa AA, Shafir T | title = Thinking, Walking, Talking: Integratory Motor and Cognitive Brain Function | journal = Frontiers in Public Health | volume = 4 | pages = 94 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27252937 | pmc = 4879139 | doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00094 | doi-access = free }}</ref> although the mind-body connection is dominated by the brain and is considered to be more of a neurological mechanism. There are some indications that movement complexity may have an impact on brain development.<ref name=" pubmeddev T Al. 2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krisanaprakornkit T, Krisanaprakornkit W, Piyavhatkul N, Laopaiboon M | title = Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD004998 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16437509 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004998.pub2 }}</ref>

Proponents of MBI techniques suggest that a rationale for mind-body training is that the mind follows the body and the body follows the mind. The body-mind connection can be attributed to hormones and chemicals released during movement,<ref name="Leisman Moustafa Shafir p.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leisman G, Moustafa AA, Shafir T | title = Thinking, Walking, Talking: Integratory Motor and Cognitive Brain Function | journal = Frontiers in Public Health | volume = 4 | pages = 94 | year = 2016 | pmid = 27252937 | pmc = 4879139 | doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00094 | doi-access = free }}</ref> although the mind-body connection is dominated by the brain and is considered to be more of a neurological mechanism. There are some indications that movement complexity may have an impact on brain development.<ref name="pubmeddev T Al. 2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krisanaprakornkit T, Krisanaprakornkit W, Piyavhatkul N, Laopaiboon M | title = Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 1 | pages = CD004998 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16437509 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004998.pub2 }}</ref>

When it comes to explicitly alternating mental and physical exercise sections, proponents rationalize that physical activity induces an elevated heart-rate and increases in stress, which mimics conditions in which athletes need their mental skills the most.<ref name="Welcome to 2Mynds">{{cite web | title=What is 2Mynds Mind-Body Training (MBT) | website=Welcome to 2Mynds | url=https://www.2mynds.com/what-is-2mynds-mind-body-training/ | language=af | access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> It is believed that these conditions make training more functional and there is some limited scientific evidence supporting effectiveness because of this type of approach.<ref name=" pubmeddev LM Al."/>

When it comes to explicitly alternating mental and physical exercise sections, proponents rationalize that physical activity induces an elevated heart-rate and increases in stress, which mimics conditions in which athletes need their mental skills the most.<ref name="Welcome to 2Mynds">{{cite web | title=What is 2Mynds Mind-Body Training (MBT) | website=Welcome to 2Mynds | url=https://www.2mynds.com/what-is-2mynds-mind-body-training/ | language=af | access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> It is believed that these conditions make training more functional and there is some limited scientific evidence supporting effectiveness because of this type of approach.<ref name="pubmeddev LM Al." />

There are documented benefits of several mind-body interventions derived from [[Wikipedia:Scientific method|scientific research]]: first, by MBI use contributing to the treatment a range of conditions including [[Wikipedia:headache|headache]]s, [[Wikipedia:coronary artery disease|coronary artery disease]] and [[Wikipedia:chronic pain|chronic pain]]; second, in ameliorating [[Wikipedia:disease|disease]] and the [[Wikipedia:symptom|symptom]]s of  [[Wikipedia:Chemotherapy|chemotherapy-induced]] [[Wikipedia:nausea|nausea]], [[Wikipedia:vomiting|vomiting]], and localized [[Wikipedia:Pain|physical pain]] in patients with [[Wikipedia:cancer|cancer]]; third, in increasing the perceived capacity to [[Wikipedia:Coping (psychology)|cope]] with significant problems and challenges; and fourth, in improving the reported overall [[Wikipedia:quality of life|quality of life]]. In addition, there is evidence supporting the [[Wikipedia:brain|brain]] and [[Wikipedia:central nervous system|central nervous system]]'s influence on the [[Wikipedia:immune system|immune system]] and the capacity for mind-body interventions to enhance [[Wikipedia:Immune system|immune function]] outcomes, including defense against and recovery from [[Wikipedia:infection|infection]] and [[Wikipedia:disease|disease]].<ref name="pmid17900044">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ernst E, Pittler MH, Wider B, Boddy K | title = Mind-body therapies: are the trial data getting stronger? | journal = Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 62–4 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17900044 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10453429">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutledge JC, Hyson DA, Garduno D, Cort DA, Paumer L, Kappagoda CT | title = Lifestyle modification program in management of patients with coronary artery disease: the clinical experience in a tertiary care hospital | journal = Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 226–34 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10453429 | doi = 10.1097/00008483-199907000-00003 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18541886">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wahbeh H, Elsas SM, Oken BS | title = Mind-body interventions: applications in neurology | journal = Neurology | volume = 70 | issue = 24 | pages = 2321–8 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18541886 | pmc = 2882072 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000314667.16386.5e }}</ref><ref name="pmid14613052">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mundy EA, DuHamel KN, Montgomery GH | title = The efficacy of behavioral interventions for cancer treatment-related side effects | journal = Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 253–75 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14613052 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12665179">{{cite journal | vauthors = Astin JA, Shapiro SL, Eisenberg DM, Forys KL | title = Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice | journal = The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–47 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12665179 | doi = 10.3122/jabfm.16.2.131 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid17911004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Irwin MR | title = Human psychoneuroimmunology: 20 years of discovery | journal = Brain, Behavior, and Immunity | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–39 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17911004 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.07.013 | s2cid = 40177801 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1162023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ader R, Cohen N | title = Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression | journal = Psychosomatic Medicine | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 333–40 | date = 1975 | pmid = 1162023 | doi = 10.1097/00006842-197507000-00007 }}</ref>

There are documented benefits of several mind-body interventions derived from [[Wikipedia:Scientific method|scientific research]]: first, by MBI use contributing to the treatment a range of conditions including [[Wikipedia:headache|headache]]s, [[Wikipedia:coronary artery disease|coronary artery disease]] and [[Wikipedia:chronic pain|chronic pain]]; second, in ameliorating [[Wikipedia:disease|disease]] and the [[Wikipedia:symptom|symptom]]s of  [[Wikipedia:Chemotherapy|chemotherapy-induced]] [[Wikipedia:nausea|nausea]], [[Wikipedia:vomiting|vomiting]], and localized [[Wikipedia:Pain|physical pain]] in patients with [[Wikipedia:cancer|cancer]]; third, in increasing the perceived capacity to [[Wikipedia:Coping (psychology)|cope]] with significant problems and challenges; and fourth, in improving the reported overall [[Wikipedia:quality of life|quality of life]]. In addition, there is evidence supporting the [[Wikipedia:brain|brain]] and [[Wikipedia:central nervous system|central nervous system]]'s influence on the [[Wikipedia:immune system|immune system]] and the capacity for mind-body interventions to enhance [[Wikipedia:Immune system|immune function]] outcomes, including defense against and recovery from [[Wikipedia:infection|infection]] and [[Wikipedia:disease|disease]].<ref name="pmid17900044">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ernst E, Pittler MH, Wider B, Boddy K | title = Mind-body therapies: are the trial data getting stronger? | journal = Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 62–4 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17900044 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10453429">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rutledge JC, Hyson DA, Garduno D, Cort DA, Paumer L, Kappagoda CT | title = Lifestyle modification program in management of patients with coronary artery disease: the clinical experience in a tertiary care hospital | journal = Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation | volume = 19 | issue = 4 | pages = 226–34 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10453429 | doi = 10.1097/00008483-199907000-00003 }}</ref><ref name="pmid18541886">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wahbeh H, Elsas SM, Oken BS | title = Mind-body interventions: applications in neurology | journal = Neurology | volume = 70 | issue = 24 | pages = 2321–8 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18541886 | pmc = 2882072 | doi = 10.1212/01.wnl.0000314667.16386.5e }}</ref><ref name="pmid14613052">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mundy EA, DuHamel KN, Montgomery GH | title = The efficacy of behavioral interventions for cancer treatment-related side effects | journal = Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 253–75 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14613052 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12665179">{{cite journal | vauthors = Astin JA, Shapiro SL, Eisenberg DM, Forys KL | title = Mind-body medicine: state of the science, implications for practice | journal = The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 131–47 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12665179 | doi = 10.3122/jabfm.16.2.131 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="pmid17911004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Irwin MR | title = Human psychoneuroimmunology: 20 years of discovery | journal = Brain, Behavior, and Immunity | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–39 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17911004 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.07.013 | s2cid = 40177801 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1162023">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ader R, Cohen N | title = Behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression | journal = Psychosomatic Medicine | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 333–40 | date = 1975 | pmid = 1162023 | doi = 10.1097/00006842-197507000-00007 }}</ref>

Side effects are rarely reported in mind-body training. Some studies have indicated that meditation can have undesired adverse effects on specific clinical populations (e.g., people with a history of [[Wikipedia:PTSD|PTSD]]), although these are smaller studies.<ref name="Lindahl Fisher Cooper Rosen p=e0176239">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindahl JR, Fisher NE, Cooper DJ, Rosen RK, Britton WB | title = The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = e0176239 | date = 2017-05-24 | pmid = 28542181 | pmc = 5443484 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0176239 | editor-first = Kirk Warren | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1276239L | editor-last = Brown | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Schlosser Sparby Vörös Jones p=e0216643">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schlosser M, Sparby T, Vörös S, Jones R, Marchant NL | title = Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = e0216643 | date = 2019-05-09 | pmid = 31071152 | pmc = 6508707 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0216643 | editor-first = Dusana | bibcode = 2019PLoSO..1416643S | editor-last = Dorjee | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Side effects are rarely reported in mind-body training. Some studies have indicated that meditation can have undesired adverse effects on specific clinical populations (e.g., people with a history of [[Wikipedia:PTSD|PTSD]]), although these are smaller studies.<ref name="Lindahl Fisher Cooper Rosen p=e0176239">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lindahl JR, Fisher NE, Cooper DJ, Rosen RK, Britton WB | title = The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = e0176239 | date = 2017-05-24 | pmid = 28542181 | pmc = 5443484 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0176239 | editor-first = Kirk Warren | bibcode = 2017PLoSO..1276239L | editor-last = Brown | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Schlosser Sparby Vörös Jones p=e0216643">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schlosser M, Sparby T, Vörös S, Jones R, Marchant NL | title = Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 14 | issue = 5 | pages = e0216643 | date = 2019-05-09 | pmid = 31071152 | pmc = 6508707 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0216643 | editor-first = Dusana | bibcode = 2019PLoSO..1416643S | editor-last = Dorjee | doi-access = free }}</ref>

There is limited high-quality evidence as well with regard to the effect of intensity and duration. In a small study observing 87 healthy female participants undergoing either mind-body training or no training,<ref name="Jung Ha"/> participants who actively participated in an online program showed significantly greater resilience toward stress, anger, anxiety, and depression at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks into the study.<ref name="Jung Ha"/> However, this study was not randomized and the placebo effect may be large on the subjective psychological test scores.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vallance|first=Aaron K.|date=2006|title=Something out of nothing: the placebo effect|journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=287–296|doi=10.1192/apt.12.4.287|issn=1355-5146}}</ref> Recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RTCs) confirmed the efficacy of smartphone interventions for mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Firth J, Torous J, Nicholas J, Carney R, Pratap A, Rosenbaum S, Sarris J | title = The efficacy of smartphone-based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = World Psychiatry | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 287–298 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28941113 | pmc = 5608852 | doi = 10.1002/wps.20472 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Firth J, Torous J, Nicholas J, Carney R, Rosenbaum S, Sarris J | title = Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 218 | pages = 15–22 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28456072 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.046 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

There is limited high-quality evidence as well with regard to the effect of intensity and duration. In a small study observing 87 healthy female participants undergoing either mind-body training or no training,<ref name="Jung Ha" /> participants who actively participated in an online program showed significantly greater resilience toward stress, anger, anxiety, and depression at 8 weeks than at 4 weeks into the study.<ref name="Jung Ha" /> However, this study was not randomized and the placebo effect may be large on the subjective psychological test scores.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vallance|first=Aaron K.|date=2006|title=Something out of nothing: the placebo effect|journal=Advances in Psychiatric Treatment|language=en|volume=12|issue=4|pages=287–296|doi=10.1192/apt.12.4.287|issn=1355-5146}}</ref> Recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RTCs) confirmed the efficacy of smartphone interventions for mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Firth J, Torous J, Nicholas J, Carney R, Pratap A, Rosenbaum S, Sarris J | title = The efficacy of smartphone-based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = World Psychiatry | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 287–298 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28941113 | pmc = 5608852 | doi = 10.1002/wps.20472 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Firth J, Torous J, Nicholas J, Carney R, Rosenbaum S, Sarris J | title = Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = Journal of Affective Disorders | volume = 218 | pages = 15–22 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28456072 | doi = 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.046 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Popularity==

==Popularity==

Mind–body interventions are the most commonly used form of [[Alternative medicine|complementary and alternative medicine]] in the [[Wikipedia:United States|United States]],<ref name="Barnes_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin RL | title = Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002 | journal = Advance Data | issue = 343 | pages = 1–19 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15188733 }}</ref><ref name="Ni_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ni H, Simile C, Hardy AM | title = Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine by United States adults: results from the 1999 national health interview survey | journal = Medical Care | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 353–8 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 12021691 | doi = 10.1097/00005650-200204000-00011 | s2cid = 2912817 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21317523">{{cite journal | vauthors = Su D, Li L | title = Trends in the use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: 2002-2007 | journal = Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 296–310 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21317523 | doi = 10.1353/hpu.2011.0002 | doi-broken-date = 31 October 2021 }}</ref> with [[Wikipedia:yoga|yoga]] and [[Wikipedia:meditation|meditation]] being the most popular forms.<ref name="Ni_2002" /><ref name="Barnes_2004" /><ref name="pmid19361005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL | title = Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007 | journal = National Health Statistics Reports | issue = 12 | pages = 1–23 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19361005 }}</ref><ref name="Clarke_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke TC, Black LI, Stussman BJ, Barnes PM, Nahin RL | title = Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 2002-2012 | journal = National Health Statistics Reports | issue = 79 | pages = 1–16 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25671660 | pmc = 4573565 }}</ref><ref name="Black_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Black LI, Clarke TC, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ, Nahin RL | title = Use of complementary health approaches among children aged 4-17 years in the United States: National Health Interview Survey, 2007-2012 | journal = National Health Statistics Reports | issue = 78 | pages = 1–19 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25671583 | pmc = 4562218 }}</ref><ref name="Nahin_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nahin RL | title = Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012 | journal = The Journal of Pain | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = 769–80 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26028573 | pmc = 4562413 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.002 }}</ref>

Mind–body interventions are the most commonly used form of [[Alternative medicine|complementary and alternative medicine]] in the [[Wikipedia:United States|United States]],<ref name="Barnes_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes PM, Powell-Griner E, McFann K, Nahin RL | title = Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults: United States, 2002 | journal = Advance Data | issue = 343 | pages = 1–19 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15188733 }}</ref><ref name="Ni_2002">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ni H, Simile C, Hardy AM | title = Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine by United States adults: results from the 1999 national health interview survey | journal = Medical Care | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = 353–8 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 12021691 | doi = 10.1097/00005650-200204000-00011 | s2cid = 2912817 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21317523">{{cite journal | vauthors = Su D, Li L | title = Trends in the use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: 2002-2007 | journal = Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 296–310 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21317523 | doi = 10.1353/hpu.2011.0002 | doi-broken-date = 31 October 2021 }}</ref> with [[Wikipedia:yoga|yoga]] and [[Wikipedia:meditation|meditation]] being the most popular forms.<ref name="Ni_2002" /><ref name="Barnes_2004" /><ref name="pmid19361005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes PM, Bloom B, Nahin RL | title = Complementary and alternative medicine use among adults and children: United States, 2007 | journal = National Health Statistics Reports | issue = 12 | pages = 1–23 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19361005 }}</ref><ref name="Clarke_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke TC, Black LI, Stussman BJ, Barnes PM, Nahin RL | title = Trends in the use of complementary health approaches among adults: United States, 2002-2012 | journal = National Health Statistics Reports | issue = 79 | pages = 1–16 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25671660 | pmc = 4573565 }}</ref><ref name="Black_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Black LI, Clarke TC, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ, Nahin RL | title = Use of complementary health approaches among children aged 4-17 years in the United States: National Health Interview Survey, 2007-2012 | journal = National Health Statistics Reports | issue = 78 | pages = 1–19 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25671583 | pmc = 4562218 }}</ref><ref name="Nahin_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nahin RL | title = Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012 | journal = The Journal of Pain | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = 769–80 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26028573 | pmc = 4562413 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.002 }}</ref>

== See also ==

==See also==

{{div col | colwidth=15em}}

{{div col | colwidth=15em}}

{{div col end}}

{{div col end}}

== References ==

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Reflist}}