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===Oils===
===Oils===
The oil usually has a fatty base oil such as olive or linseed oil. This may contain plant extracts or an addition of essential oils or other substances. Examples of extract oils are calendula, oxalis, or arnica. Essential oils are, for example, lavender or rosemary. As admixtures you can find e.g. metals like copper or gold. Approximately 5 ml of olive oil-based oil is used per bath.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.erikaboschan.de/was-ist-ein-oeldispersionsbad/ |title=Was ist das - ein Oeldispersionsbad? |website=Wasser & Wort |language=de|access-date=2020-11-14|author=Erika Boschan|trans-title=What is it - an oil dispersion bath?}}</ref> The choice of oil is made according to the clinical picture. A schematic classification based on the threefold system is: root oils strengthen the nervous-sensory system, flower oils promote the metabolic/metabolic-limb system, seed oils are said to have an effect on the heart, and fruit oils are recommended to promote circulation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2008-12-04 |ISSN=1472-6882 |DOI=10.1186/1472-6882-8-61 |PMC=2612644 |PMID=19055811 |first=Arndt|last=Büssing|first2=Dirk|last2=Cysarz|first3=Friedrich|last3=Edelhäuser|first4=Gudrun|last4=Bornhöft|first5=Peter F.|last5=Matthiessen|first6=Thomas|last6=Ostermann|page=61|title=The oil-dispersion bath in anthroposophic medicine - an integrative review|volume=8|journal=BMC complementary and alternative medicine}}</ref>
The oil usually has a fatty base oil such as olive or linseed oil. This may contain plant extracts or an addition of essential oils or other substances. Examples of extract oils are calendula, oxalis, or arnica. Essential oils are, for example, lavender or rosemary. As admixtures you can find e.g. metals like copper or gold. Approximately 5 ml of olive oil-based oil is used per bath.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.erikaboschan.de/was-ist-ein-oeldispersionsbad/ |title=Was ist das - ein Oeldispersionsbad? |website=Wasser & Wort |language=de|access-date=2020-11-14|author=Erika Boschan|trans-title=What is it - an oil dispersion bath?}}</ref> The choice of oil is made according to the clinical picture. A schematic classification based on the [[The threefold nature of the human being|threefold system]] is: root oils strengthen the nervous-sensory system, flower oils promote the metabolic/metabolic-limb system, seed oils are said to have an effect on the heart, and fruit oils are recommended to promote circulation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=2008-12-04 |ISSN=1472-6882 |DOI=10.1186/1472-6882-8-61 |PMC=2612644 |PMID=19055811 |first=Arndt|last=Büssing|first2=Dirk|last2=Cysarz|first3=Friedrich|last3=Edelhäuser|first4=Gudrun|last4=Bornhöft|first5=Peter F.|last5=Matthiessen|first6=Thomas|last6=Ostermann|page=61|title=The oil-dispersion bath in anthroposophic medicine - an integrative review|volume=8|journal=BMC complementary and alternative medicine}}</ref>
Incomplete list of oils with added essential oils: angelica, lavender, rosemary, sage, thyme, wintergreen.
Incomplete list of oils with added essential oils: angelica, lavender, rosemary, sage, thyme, wintergreen.
==Oil dispersion bath apparatus==
==Oil dispersion bath apparatus==
[[File:Öldispersionsbadeapparat.JPG|thumbnail|Oil dispersion bath apparatus|link=https://de.imedwiki.org/wiki/Datei:%C3%96ldispersionsbadeapparat.JPG|alt=]]The oil dispersion bathing apparatus is a pear-shaped glass device that swirls incoming water and adds oil, sucked in from an inserted pipette, drop by drop to the outgoing water at the point of the vortex's highest rotational speed. This development was a synthesis of various ideas that Werner Junge had formed from his own observations and research, based on the knowledge of Rudolf Steiner's data and the scientific writings of Goethe.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Das Öldispersionsbad nach Werner Junge eine Hydrotherapie als Körpertherapie der Anthroposophischen Medizin. Als Chronik verfasst im Sommer 2016.|first=Dr. Albrecht|last=Warning|trans-title=The oil dispersion bath according to Werner Junge a hydrotherapy as a body therapy of anthroposophic medicine. Written as a chronicle in the summer of 2016.|date=2016}}</ref> In this, occupations with the nature of water and its vortices, lemniscate and projective geometry played a role.
[[File:Öldispersionsbadeapparat.JPG|thumbnail|Oil dispersion bath apparatus|link=https://de.imedwiki.org/wiki/Datei:%C3%96ldispersionsbadeapparat.JPG|alt=]]The oil dispersion bathing apparatus is a pear-shaped glass device that swirls incoming water and adds oil, sucked in from an inserted pipette, drop by drop to the outgoing water at the point of the vortex's highest rotational speed. This development was a synthesis of various ideas that Werner Junge had formed from his own observations and research, based on the knowledge of Rudolf Steiner's data and the scientific writings of Goethe.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Das Öldispersionsbad nach Werner Junge eine Hydrotherapie als Körpertherapie der Anthroposophischen Medizin. Als Chronik verfasst im Sommer 2016.|first=Dr. Albrecht|last=Warning|trans-title=The oil dispersion bath according to Werner Junge a hydrotherapy as a body therapy of anthroposophic medicine. Written as a chronicle in the summer of 2016.|date=2016}}</ref> In this, occupations with the nature of water and its vortices, lemniscate and projective geometry played a role.
The Jungebad apparatus is distributed by the company [[Wala]]. [[Wandil]] also offers a similar apparatus for the oil dispersion bath.
==Studies==
==Studies==
*A study on the absorption of ingredients in the oil dispersion bath compared with other bathing methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=H.|last=Römmelt|title=Perkutane Resorption ätherischer Öle während eines Öldispersionsbades|trans-title=Percutaneous absorption of essential oils during an oil dispersion bath.|date=1981|publication-place=München: Institut für medizinische Balneologie und Klimatologie der Universität München}}Briefliche Mitteilung an Werner Junge vom 14.7.1981 [Letter to Werner Junge dated 14.7.1981]</ref>
*A study on the absorption of ingredients in the oil dispersion bath compared with other bathing methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=H.|last=Römmelt|title=Perkutane Resorption ätherischer Öle während eines Öldispersionsbades|trans-title=Percutaneous absorption of essential oils during an oil dispersion bath.|date=1981|publication-place=München: Institut für medizinische Balneologie und Klimatologie der Universität München}}Briefliche Mitteilung an Werner Junge vom 14.7.1981 [Letter to Werner Junge dated 14.7.1981]</ref>
*A 2008 systematic literature review<ref name=":1" /> found a small number of studies (1 prospective clinical study, 3 experimental studies with healthy subjects, 5 case reports, and 3 experience reports). The studies described improvement in almost all cases, although the methodological quality of most studies was weak. The main indications were metabolic/internal, and psychiatric/neurologic.
*A 2008 systematic literature review<ref name=":1" /> found a small number of studies (1 prospective clinical study, 3 experimental studies with healthy subjects, 5 case reports, and 3 experience reports). The studies described improvement in almost all cases, although the methodological quality of most studies was weak. The main indications were metabolic/internal, and psychiatric/neurologic.
===Physical fundamentals===
*In 2016, a study was conducted using high-speed camera on the nature of droplet formation on the oil dispersion bath apparatus. The droplet size tends to increase at higher flow rates. A maximum is about 10µm at 5l/min and about 15µm at 10l/min.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1002/pamm.201610288| volume = 16| pages = 599–600| last1 = Höffmann| first1 = Ann| last2 = Lakshmanan| first2 = Peter| last3 = Ehrhard| first3 = Peter| last4 = Ostermann| first4 = Thomas| title = The Jungebad apparatus for the production of oil-dispersion baths: The Jungebad apparatus| journal = PAMM| date = 2016-10-01}}</ref>
*A 2018 study investigated that droplet size is minimal at 5l/min. When compared to a manual process, the June bath apparatus consistently produced a similar droplet distribution.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.09.014| issn = 1873-6963| volume = 41| pages = 147–153| last1 = Höffmann| first1 = A. K.| last2 = Lakshmanan| first2 = P.| last3 = Hollmann| first3 = C.| last4 = Ostermann| first4 = T.| title = An experimental study on oil-dispersion baths generated by the Jungebad apparatus| journal = Complementary Therapies in Medicine| date = 2018 12| pmid = 30477831|url=|via=}}</ref>
*A 2011 paper examined droplet sizes not with the oil dispersion bath, but with oil bath emulsions.<ref>{{Cite conference| last1 = Krüerke| first1 = Daniel| last2 = Gruber| first2 = Esther| last3 = Urech| first3 = Konrad| last4 = Alles| first4 = Armin| last5 = Kunz| first5 = Clifford| title = Development of rosemary emulsions for balneological diabetes treatment| date = 2011-09-14|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324648216_Development_of_rosemary_emulsions_for_balneological_diabetes_treatment|volume=|pages=|via=|conference=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 64| last1 = Krüerke| first1 = Daniel| last2 = Gruber| first2 = E| last3 = Urech| first3 = Konrad| last4 = Alles| first4 = A| last5 = Kunz| first5 = C| title = Development of rosemary emulsions for balneological diabetes treatment| date = 2011-11-01|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324889537_6_Development_of_rosemary_emulsons_for_balneological_diabetes_treatment|journal=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
==Links==
==Links==
*[[International Association for Oil Dispersion Bath Therapy according to Werner Junge e.V.]] - [https://www.oelundwasser.de/ Website](de)
*[[International Association for Oil Dispersion Bath Therapy according to Werner Junge e.V.]] - [https://www.oelundwasser.de/ Website](de)
*[[International Association for Anthroposophic Body Therapy (IAABT)]] - [https://www.iaabt-medsektion.net/ Website].
*[https://www.damid.de/verstehen/therapien/oelbadetherapie.html Oil dispersion bath therapy](de) on the website of the [[Dachverband Anthroposophische Medizin in Deutschland (DAMiD)]] (umbrella organization for anthroposophic medicine in Germany)
*[https://www.damid.de/verstehen/therapien/oelbadetherapie.html Oil dispersion bath therapy](de) on the website of the [[Dachverband Anthroposophische Medizin in Deutschland (DAMiD)]] (umbrella organization for anthroposophic medicine in Germany)
*Instructions on how to perform oil dispersion baths can be found in the [[Nursing Vademecum]]:
*Instructions on how to perform oil dispersion baths can be found in the [[Nursing Vademecum]]: