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Help:Citation Style 1 (view source)

Revision as of 11:44, 12 March 2022

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The use of CS1 or of templates is not compulsory; per [[WP:CITESTYLE]]:

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<blockquote>Wikipedia does not have a single [[style guide|house style]]. Editors may choose any option they want; one article need not match what is done in other articles or what is done in professional publications or recommended by academic [[style guide]]s. However, citations ''within a given article'' should follow a consistent style.</blockquote>

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<blockquote>Wikipedia does not have a single [[Wikipedia:style guide|house style]]. Editors may choose any option they want; one article need not match what is done in other articles or what is done in professional publications or recommended by academic [[Wikipedia:style guide|style guide]]s. However, citations ''within a given article'' should follow a consistent style.</blockquote>

[[WP:CITEVAR]] additionally states:

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{{quote|If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page.}}

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CS1 uses (in addition to Wikipedia's own [[WP:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) elements of ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' and the ''[[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]]'', with significant adaptations.

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CS1 uses (in addition to Wikipedia's own [[WP:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) elements of ''[[Wikipedia:The Chicago Manual of Style|The Chicago Manual of Style]]'' and the ''[[Wikipedia:Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association|Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]]'', with significant adaptations.

==Style==

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!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite arXiv}}

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| [[arXiv]] preprints || || || || ||

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| [[Wikipedia:arXiv|arXiv]] preprints || || || || ||

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!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite AV media}}

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!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite podcast}}

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| audio or video [[podcast]] || || || || ||

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| audio or video [[Wikipedia:podcast|podcast]] || || || || ||

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!scope="row"| {{tl|Cite press release}}

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If a cited source has a large number of authors, one can limit the number of authors displayed when the citation is published by using the {{para|display-authors}} parameter as described in detail in the [[Help:Citation Style 1#Display options|Display options]] section of this help page.

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If a cited author is notable and the author has a Wikipedia article, the author's name can be linked with {{para|author-link}}.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix">If the English Wikipedia does not have an article about the author, but an article is available in another language entity of Wikipedia or if a [[Wikidata]] node for this author exists already, you can prefix the link using that Wikipedia's [[Help:Interlanguage links|language prefix]] (similar to <code>:en:</code> for the English Wikipedia) in order to create an [[Help:Interlanguage links|interwiki link]]. The [[Help:Interwiki linking#Prefix codes for linking to Wikimedia sister projects|prefix]] for Wikidata nodes is <code>:d:</code> (or <code>:wikidata:</code>) to be followed by the Q''<id>'' number of the corresponding entry. (Similar, [[Wikisource]] uses <code>:s:</code> (or <code>:wikisource:</code>), [[Wiktionary]] <code>:wikt:</code> (or <code>:wiktionary:</code>) and [[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]] <code>:c:</code> (or <code>:commons:</code>), followed by the corresponding article name.) Alternatively, if a suitable [[:m:Interwiki map|custom interwiki prefix]] is defined for another authority control repository, this can be used as well. For example, to link to an author's [[VIAF]] entry (with code <code>''<id>''</code>), <code>:VIAF:''<id>''</code> can be used, even if this would resolve to an independent external site. In the absence of a local article such links can help to at least establish a connection to a particular author and, if an article gets created in the English Wikipedia as well in the future, these links can be fixed up by bots to point to the local article instead.</ref> If a citation includes multiple notable authors, one may use {{para|author-link{{var|n}}}} or {{para|author{{var|n}}-link}}, etc. This method is used because the {{para|last}}- and {{para|first}}-type parameters do not allow wikilinking. However, {{para|author-link}} cannot be used to link to an external website; the external link will not render correctly.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix"/> Below is an example of a wikilinked author credit:

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If a cited author is notable and the author has a Wikipedia article, the author's name can be linked with {{para|author-link}}.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix">If the English Wikipedia does not have an article about the author, but an article is available in another language entity of Wikipedia or if a [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] node for this author exists already, you can prefix the link using that Wikipedia's [[Help:Interlanguage links|language prefix]] (similar to <code>:en:</code> for the English Wikipedia) in order to create an [[Help:Interlanguage links|interwiki link]]. The [[Help:Interwiki linking#Prefix codes for linking to Wikimedia sister projects|prefix]] for Wikidata nodes is <code>:d:</code> (or <code>:wikidata:</code>) to be followed by the Q''<id>'' number of the corresponding entry. (Similar, [[Wikipedia:Wikisource|Wikisource]] uses <code>:s:</code> (or <code>:wikisource:</code>), [[Wikipedia:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]] <code>:wikt:</code> (or <code>:wiktionary:</code>) and [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia Commons|Commons]] <code>:c:</code> (or <code>:commons:</code>), followed by the corresponding article name.) Alternatively, if a suitable [[:m:Interwiki map|custom interwiki prefix]] is defined for another authority control repository, this can be used as well. For example, to link to an author's [[Wikipedia:VIAF|VIAF]] entry (with code <code>''<id>''</code>), <code>:VIAF:''<id>''</code> can be used, even if this would resolve to an independent external site. In the absence of a local article such links can help to at least establish a connection to a particular author and, if an article gets created in the English Wikipedia as well in the future, these links can be fixed up by bots to point to the local article instead.</ref> If a citation includes multiple notable authors, one may use {{para|author-link{{var|n}}}} or {{para|author{{var|n}}-link}}, etc. This method is used because the {{para|last}}- and {{para|first}}-type parameters do not allow wikilinking. However, {{para|author-link}} cannot be used to link to an external website; the external link will not render correctly.<ref group="Note" name="NB_Prefix"/> Below is an example of a wikilinked author credit:

:<code><nowiki>{{cite book |author-last1=Hawking |author-first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Hawking |author-last2=Hawking |author-first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}</nowiki></code>

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!scope="row"| <code>y</code>

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|rowspan="2"| year-initial numeric publication, access- and archive-dates (ymd); cs1|2 cannot reformat Month YYYY, Season YYYY, date-ranges of any form, or [[Julian calendar]] dates into ymd format

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|rowspan="2"| year-initial numeric publication, access- and archive-dates (ymd); cs1|2 cannot reformat Month YYYY, Season YYYY, date-ranges of any form, or [[Wikipedia:Julian calendar|Julian calendar]] dates into ymd format

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!scope="row"| <code>yy</code>

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===Titles and chapters===

* '''title''': The title of the cited source. Titles are displayed in italics, except for short works such as a {{txl|cite press release}} and cited articles in {{tlx|cite news}}, {{tlx|cite journal}}, {{tlx|cite magazine}}, {{tlx|cite web}}, {{tlx|cite conference}}, and {{tlx|cite podcast}}, where the title is shown in quotation marks. Use title case unless the cited source covers a scientific, legal or other technical topic and sentence case is the predominant style in journals on that topic. Use either [[MOS:CT|title case]] or sentence case consistently throughout the article. Do not omit a leading "The" from the title. Subtitles are typically separated from titles with ": " though " – " is also used. [[MOS:TM|As with trademarks]], Wikipedia {{em|does not}} attempt to emulate any stylistic flourishes used by the cited source's publisher, such as ALL-CAPS, all-lower-case, {{sm|Small Caps}}, etc.; use either standard title case or sentence case consistently. If the cited source is itself notable and has a Wikipedia article, the title can be wikilinked. Wikilinking the title will make it impossible to use the "url" parameter to link to an external copy of the cited source, so only do this when citing works that do not need to be externally linked. A link to the actual source is preferred to a link to a Wikipedia article about the source.

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* '''script-title''': Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., should not be italicized and may also read [[right-to-left]] (RTL). To include titles in these languages, use '''script-title'''. Titles in '''script-title''' are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script. Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language. The prefix is one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes]] followed by a colon: {{para|script-title|ar:<bdi>العربية</bdi>}}. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation.

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* '''script-title''': Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., should not be italicized and may also read [[Wikipedia:right-to-left|right-to-left]] (RTL). To include titles in these languages, use '''script-title'''. Titles in '''script-title''' are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script. Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language. The prefix is one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes]] followed by a colon: {{para|script-title|ar:<bdi>العربية</bdi>}}. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation.

* '''trans-title''': If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets after the title and will be linked to {{para|url}} if used.

* '''chapter''': The title of the cited chapter from the source, written in full. Displayed in quotes before the title. For websites arranged in sections the "at" parameter serves a similar function: {{para|at|Featured News}}

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* '''script-chapter''': Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., may possibly read [[right-to-left]] (RTL). To include chapter titles in these languages, use '''script-chapter'''. Chapter titles in '''script-chapter''' are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script. Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language. The prefix is one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes]] followed by a colon: {{para|script-chapter|ar:<bdi>العربية</bdi>}}. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation. This field will be displayed following the transliterated title.

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* '''script-chapter''': Languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet, Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc., may possibly read [[Wikipedia:right-to-left|right-to-left]] (RTL). To include chapter titles in these languages, use '''script-chapter'''. Chapter titles in '''script-chapter''' are wrapped in special HTML markup to isolate RTL script from adjacent left-to-right text. Part of that special markup is a language attribute that browsers can use to assist in the proper display of the script. Editors must add a prefix to the script that will identify the language. The prefix is one of the [[Help:Citation_Style_1#|script-<param>= language codes|supported language codes]] followed by a colon: {{para|script-chapter|ar:<bdi>العربية</bdi>}}. Unrecognized codes are ignored and will display in the rendered citation. This field will be displayed following the transliterated title.

* '''trans-chapter''': If the cited source is in a foreign language, an English translation of the cited chapter title can be given here. This field will be displayed in square brackets within the quotation marks which enclose the chapter field.

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* '''work''': Used by some templates such as {{tl|cite web}} (where it is aliased to '''website'''), {{tl|cite news}} (aliased to '''newspaper'''), {{tl|cite magazine}} (aliased to '''magazine'''), {{tl|cite journal}} (aliased to '''journal'''), and others where the citation is usually to a specific item (given in the "title" parameter) found in a larger work (this "work" parameter), most commonly an article in a website or print periodical, or an episode in a TV series. {{em|Do not confuse this with the "publisher" parameter}}, which is for the publishing company. If the work is notable and has an article in Wikipedia, it should be wiki-linked at first appearance in citations in the article. If the "title" is already linked-to externally, do not externally link to the "work". If the work title as given by the site/publication would be exactly or substantially the same as the name of the publisher, do not use the "publisher" parameter (see below for more detail).

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:On websites, in most cases "work" is the name of the website (as usually given in the logo/banner area of the site, and/or appearing in the {{tag|title|o}} of the homepage, which may appear as the page title in your browser tab, depending on browser). Do not append ".com" or the like if the site's actual title does not include it (thus {{para|work|<nowiki>[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]</nowiki>}}, not <code>Salon.com</code>). If no clear title can be identified, or the title explicitly is the domain name, then use the site's domain name. Do not falsify the work's name by adding descriptive verbiage like "Website of [Publisher]" or "[Publisher]'s Homepage". Capitalize for reading clarity, and omit "www.", e.g. convert "www.veterinaryresourcesuk.com" to "VeterinaryResourcesUK.com".

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:On websites, in most cases "work" is the name of the website (as usually given in the logo/banner area of the site, and/or appearing in the {{tag|title|o}} of the homepage, which may appear as the page title in your browser tab, depending on browser). Do not append ".com" or the like if the site's actual title does not include it (thus {{para|work|<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Salon (magazine)|Salon]]</nowiki>}}, not <code>Salon.com</code>). If no clear title can be identified, or the title explicitly is the domain name, then use the site's domain name. Do not falsify the work's name by adding descriptive verbiage like "Website of [Publisher]" or "[Publisher]'s Homepage". Capitalize for reading clarity, and omit "www.", e.g. convert "www.veterinaryresourcesuk.com" to "VeterinaryResourcesUK.com".

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:Many journals use highly abbreviated titles when citing other journals (e.g. ''J Am Vet Med'' for ''[[Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association]]'') because specialists in the field the journal covers usually already know what these abbreviations mean. Our readers usually do not, so these abbreviations should always be expanded.

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:Many journals use highly abbreviated titles when citing other journals (e.g. ''J Am Vet Med'' for ''[[Wikipedia:Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association]]'') because specialists in the field the journal covers usually already know what these abbreviations mean. Our readers usually do not, so these abbreviations should always be expanded.

:If the titled item being cited is part of some other larger work, as in a book in a series, a special issue of a periodical, or a sub-site at a domain (e.g., you are citing the law school's section of a university's website system), it is usually better to use the name of that more specific work than just that of the entire larger work. Various citation templates provide separate fields for such information, e.g. {{para|chapter}}{{para|title}}{{para|volume}}{{para|series}} in {{tlx|Cite book}}. If the nature of the work and its relation to the site, book, or other context in which it is found is complicated or confusing, simply explain the situation after the citation template and before the {{xtag|ref|c}} that closes the citation.

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* '''publisher''': the name of the organization that actually published the source. The field should not include the corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc.", unless some ambiguity would result or the organization is usually known with that designation even in everyday use (e.g. [[Apple Inc.]], which otherwise might be confused with [[Apple Records]] and other publishers). "Publisher", "Publishing" and "Publications" can be abbreviated "Pubr.", "Pubg." and "Pubs." respectively, but some templates in this series include a period (full-stop) immediately after this parameter, so the period may have to be omitted; check the output if you abbreviate here. They are usually safe to omit, but are usefully included where the publisher's name might be confusing without it. This is most often the case when the publisher's name is something like "Joshua Martin Publications", which without the designation might be mistaken for a co-author/editor. A leading "The" can generally be omitted, again unless confusion might result (e.g., for [[The International Cat Association]], "The" is part of their official acronym, TICA). If the publisher is notable and has an article independent of the "work", the "publisher" parameter can include a wiki-link to that article, but should never externally link to the publisher's website. Whether the publisher needs to be included depends to an extent on the type of work and sometimes on its recognizability. [[WP:Citing sources]], and most off-Wikipedia citation guides, suggest that it should be used for books (even famous ones), but not necessarily other works. The "publisher" parameter should not be included for widely-known mainstream news sources, for major academic journals, or where it would be the same or mostly the same as the work. For example, the "publisher" parameter should be omitted in these examples:

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* '''publisher''': the name of the organization that actually published the source. The field should not include the corporate designation such as "Ltd" or "Inc.", unless some ambiguity would result or the organization is usually known with that designation even in everyday use (e.g. [[Wikipedia:Apple Inc.|Apple Inc.]], which otherwise might be confused with [[Wikipedia:Apple Records|Apple Records]] and other publishers). "Publisher", "Publishing" and "Publications" can be abbreviated "Pubr.", "Pubg." and "Pubs." respectively, but some templates in this series include a period (full-stop) immediately after this parameter, so the period may have to be omitted; check the output if you abbreviate here. They are usually safe to omit, but are usefully included where the publisher's name might be confusing without it. This is most often the case when the publisher's name is something like "Joshua Martin Publications", which without the designation might be mistaken for a co-author/editor. A leading "The" can generally be omitted, again unless confusion might result (e.g., for [[Wikipedia:The International Cat Association|The International Cat Association]], "The" is part of their official acronym, TICA). If the publisher is notable and has an article independent of the "work", the "publisher" parameter can include a wiki-link to that article, but should never externally link to the publisher's website. Whether the publisher needs to be included depends to an extent on the type of work and sometimes on its recognizability. [[WP:Citing sources]], and most off-Wikipedia citation guides, suggest that it should be used for books (even famous ones), but not necessarily other works. The "publisher" parameter should not be included for widely-known mainstream news sources, for major academic journals, or where it would be the same or mostly the same as the work. For example, the "publisher" parameter should be omitted in these examples:

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*:{{para|work|<nowiki>[[Amazon.com]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|Amazon Inc.|!mxt=y}}

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*:{{para|work|<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Amazon.com|Amazon.com]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|Amazon Inc.|!mxt=y}}

*:{{para|newspaper|The Aberdeen Times}}{{para|publisher|The Aberdeen Times|!mxt=y}}

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*:{{para|newspaper|<nowiki>[[The New York Times]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|The New York Times Company|!mxt=y}}

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*:{{para|newspaper|<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:The New York Times|The New York Times]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|The New York Times Company|!mxt=y}}

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*:{{para|newspaper|<nowiki>[[USA Today]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Gannett Company]]</nowiki>|!mxt=y}}

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*:{{para|newspaper|<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:USA Today|USA Today]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Gannett Company|Gannett Company]]</nowiki>|!mxt=y}}

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*:{{para|journal|<nowiki>[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Nature Research]]</nowiki>|!mxt=y}}

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*:{{para|journal|<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Nature (journal)|Nature]]</nowiki>}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Nature Research|Nature Research]]</nowiki>|!mxt=y}}

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:If the work is self-published, [[WP:SELFPUB|this is a very important fact]] about [[WP:RS|potential reliability of the source]], and needs to be specified; no consensus exists for the exact value of {{para|publisher}} in such a case, but some printed style guides suggest "author", while many Wikipedia editors have used "self-published" for increased clarity. When an exhaustive attempt to discover the name of the publisher (try [[whois]] for websites, and [[WorldCat]] for books, etc.) fails, use {{para|publisher|<nowiki></nowiki>}} to explicitly indicate that this was checked, so other editors do not waste time duplicating your fruitless efforts. Do not guess at the publisher when this information is not clear. See next entry for co-published works and how to specify multiple publishers and their locations.

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:If the work is self-published, [[WP:SELFPUB|this is a very important fact]] about [[WP:RS|potential reliability of the source]], and needs to be specified; no consensus exists for the exact value of {{para|publisher}} in such a case, but some printed style guides suggest "author", while many Wikipedia editors have used "self-published" for increased clarity. When an exhaustive attempt to discover the name of the publisher (try [[Wikipedia:whois|whois]] for websites, and [[Wikipedia:WorldCat|WorldCat]] for books, etc.) fails, use {{para|publisher|<nowiki></nowiki>}} to explicitly indicate that this was checked, so other editors do not waste time duplicating your fruitless efforts. Do not guess at the publisher when this information is not clear. See next entry for co-published works and how to specify multiple publishers and their locations.

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* '''location''' (alias {{para|publication-place}}): Geographical place of publication ({{em|not}} where you found your copy, nor location of material in the source). This is usually {{var|City, Country}}, or {{var|City, US State}}. The city name by itself can be used for world-recognized cities like New York, London (except in articles about [[London, Ontario|Canadian]] topics), Paris, Tokyo. Simply having a unique name does not mean it is globally recognizable; e.g., many people do not know where [[Mumbai]] is, especially if they are old enough that it was called [[Bombay]] for much of their lives. If in doubt, be more not less specific, since "Toronto, Canada" and "San Francisco, California" do not actually hurt anything. Be more specific when a {{var|City, Country}} would be ambiguous, e.g. {{para|location|Hanley, Staffordshire, UK}}, versus {{para|location|Hanley, Worcestershire, UK}}. Do not use sub-national postal abbreviations ("DE", "Wilts", etc.), per [[MOS:POSTABBR]]. The location parameter should be omitted when it is implied by the name of the work, e.g. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. The location parameter should be used when the location is part of a common appellation of but not the actual title of a periodical. For example, the newspaper sometimes called the ''New York Daily News'' is actually [[Daily News (New York)|''Daily News'']] and can be entered with {{para|newspaper|Daily News}} {{para|location|New York}}, which yields: ''Daily News''. New York. A similar example is ''[[The Times]]'' of London (contrast ''[[The New York Times]]''). Per [[WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT]], provide the location of the edition you are using (e.g., if a publisher has operations in both New York and London and you have the London-published edition, use {{para|location|London}}, even if the publisher's corporate HQ is in New York). If your edition specifically gives multiple locations, this can be indicated with, e.g., {{para|location|New York / London}}. This same technique can be used for co-published works, e.g.: {{para|location|Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois / Los Angeles}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Council of Science Editors]]</nowiki> / <nowiki>[[Loyola Marymount University]]</nowiki> Press}}; just get them in corresponding order in both parameters. The templates do {{em|not}} have separate {{para|location1|!mxt=y}}, {{para|publisher1|!mxt=y}}, etc., parameters. For historical publications that are still worth citing and still findable (e.g. via book digitizers – see the "via" parameter below), do not confuse the {{em|printer}} (printing press owner-operator) with the {{em|publisher}} (organization or person that sponsored the work); an edition may have a printer's name in larger type than the publisher, but for citation purposes we care about the publisher. If the distinction cannot be determined for certain in a particular case, list both. While some off-site publishers lean toward omitting publishing locations, they can serve more than purely bibliographical purposes on Wikipedia (e.g. an overabundance of material published in one place in an article about another place may reveal an editorial bias).

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* '''location''' (alias {{para|publication-place}}): Geographical place of publication ({{em|not}} where you found your copy, nor location of material in the source). This is usually {{var|City, Country}}, or {{var|City, US State}}. The city name by itself can be used for world-recognized cities like New York, London (except in articles about [[Wikipedia:London, Ontario|Canadian]] topics), Paris, Tokyo. Simply having a unique name does not mean it is globally recognizable; e.g., many people do not know where [[Wikipedia:Mumbai|Mumbai]] is, especially if they are old enough that it was called [[Wikipedia:Bombay|Bombay]] for much of their lives. If in doubt, be more not less specific, since "Toronto, Canada" and "San Francisco, California" do not actually hurt anything. Be more specific when a {{var|City, Country}} would be ambiguous, e.g. {{para|location|Hanley, Staffordshire, UK}}, versus {{para|location|Hanley, Worcestershire, UK}}. Do not use sub-national postal abbreviations ("DE", "Wilts", etc.), per [[MOS:POSTABBR]]. The location parameter should be omitted when it is implied by the name of the work, e.g. ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. The location parameter should be used when the location is part of a common appellation of but not the actual title of a periodical. For example, the newspaper sometimes called the ''New York Daily News'' is actually [[Wikipedia:Daily News (New York)|''Daily News'']] and can be entered with {{para|newspaper|Daily News}} {{para|location|New York}}, which yields: ''Daily News''. New York. A similar example is ''[[Wikipedia:The Times|The Times]]'' of London (contrast ''[[Wikipedia:The New York Times|The New York Times]]''). Per [[WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT]], provide the location of the edition you are using (e.g., if a publisher has operations in both New York and London and you have the London-published edition, use {{para|location|London}}, even if the publisher's corporate HQ is in New York). If your edition specifically gives multiple locations, this can be indicated with, e.g., {{para|location|New York / London}}. This same technique can be used for co-published works, e.g.: {{para|location|Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois / Los Angeles}}{{para|publisher|<nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Council of Science Editors|Council of Science Editors]]</nowiki> / <nowiki>[[Wikipedia:Loyola Marymount University|Loyola Marymount University]]</nowiki> Press}}; just get them in corresponding order in both parameters. The templates do {{em|not}} have separate {{para|location1|!mxt=y}}, {{para|publisher1|!mxt=y}}, etc., parameters. For historical publications that are still worth citing and still findable (e.g. via book digitizers – see the "via" parameter below), do not confuse the {{em|printer}} (printing press owner-operator) with the {{em|publisher}} (organization or person that sponsored the work); an edition may have a printer's name in larger type than the publisher, but for citation purposes we care about the publisher. If the distinction cannot be determined for certain in a particular case, list both. While some off-site publishers lean toward omitting publishing locations, they can serve more than purely bibliographical purposes on Wikipedia (e.g. an overabundance of material published in one place in an article about another place may reveal an editorial bias).

* '''publication-date''': Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. Displays only if date or year are defined and only if different, else publication-date is used and displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink. Follows publisher; if work is not defined, then publication-date is preceded by "published" and enclosed in parenthesis.

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* '''via''' (optional): Name of the content deliverer (when they are {{em|not}} the publisher). "via" is not a replacement for "publisher", but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original, or when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, or as suggested in [[WP:The Wikipedia Library]], e.g. [[WP:Credo accounts/Citations]]. See also {{section link||Registration or subscription required}}. Typical uses of this parameter are identification of a book-scanning and -databasing project such as those provided by the [[Internet Archive]], [[Project Gutenberg]], and [[Google Books]]; journal indexing and search services through which we commonly find academic articles, e.g. [[PubMed Central]], [[Paperity]], and [[JSTOR]]; and other aggregators or indexers of previously-published content, such as [[Dictionary.com]]. Use via only when a standard identifier cannot be used (see {{section link||Identifiers}}). Example: <code><nowiki>{{Cite dictionary |entry=skeptic |entry-url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/skeptic?s=t#collins-section |title=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |edition=Complete & Unabridged Digital |date=2012 |location=London |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |via=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=</nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>

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* '''via''' (optional): Name of the content deliverer (when they are {{em|not}} the publisher). "via" is not a replacement for "publisher", but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer presents the source in a format other than the original, or when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, or as suggested in [[WP:The Wikipedia Library]], e.g. [[WP:Credo accounts/Citations]]. See also {{section link||Registration or subscription required}}. Typical uses of this parameter are identification of a book-scanning and -databasing project such as those provided by the [[Wikipedia:Internet Archive|Internet Archive]], [[Wikipedia:Project Gutenberg|Project Gutenberg]], and [[Wikipedia:Google Books|Google Books]]; journal indexing and search services through which we commonly find academic articles, e.g. [[Wikipedia:PubMed Central|PubMed Central]], [[Wikipedia:Paperity|Paperity]], and [[Wikipedia:JSTOR|JSTOR]]; and other aggregators or indexers of previously-published content, such as [[Wikipedia:Dictionary.com|Dictionary.com]]. Use via only when a standard identifier cannot be used (see {{section link||Identifiers}}). Example: <code><nowiki>{{Cite dictionary |entry=skeptic |entry-url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/skeptic?s=t#collins-section |title=[[Wikipedia:Collins English Dictionary|Collins English Dictionary]] |edition=Complete & Unabridged Digital |date=2012 |location=London |publisher=[[Wikipedia:HarperCollins|HarperCollins]] |via=[[Wikipedia:Dictionary.com|Dictionary.com]] |access-date=</nowiki>{{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>

===Pages===

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* '''page''': page in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text, for example {{para|page|52}}.

**{{anchor|pagehyphen}}'''Note:''' For a hyphenated page, use {{para|page|<nowiki>12{{hyphen}}34</nowiki>}}. This will not only properly display a hyphen, but also reduce the likelihood that an editor/bot will convert this to {{para|pages|<nowiki>12{{endash}}34</nowiki>}} by mistake.

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* {{anchor|csdoc_pages}}'''pages''': pages in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text. Separate page ranges with an [[En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , for example {{para|pages|236–239}}. Separate non-sequential pages either with commas or semicolons, for example {{para|pages|157, 159}}. The form {{para|pages|461, 466–467}} is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential pages. For page numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the page number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators, e.g. {{para|pages|<nowiki>((1,234{{endash}}1,235))</nowiki>}}. For multiple hyphenated pages, use the [[Help:Citation Style 1#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid the hyphens being converted to dashes, e.g. {{para|pages|<nowiki>((1{{hyphen}}2)), ((3{{hyphen}}4))</nowiki>}}.

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* {{anchor|csdoc_pages}}'''pages''': pages in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text. Separate page ranges with an [[Wikipedia:En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , for example {{para|pages|236–239}}. Separate non-sequential pages either with commas or semicolons, for example {{para|pages|157, 159}}. The form {{para|pages|461, 466–467}} is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential pages. For page numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the page number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators, e.g. {{para|pages|<nowiki>((1,234{{endash}}1,235))</nowiki>}}. For multiple hyphenated pages, use the [[Help:Citation Style 1#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid the hyphens being converted to dashes, e.g. {{para|pages|<nowiki>((1{{hyphen}}2)), ((3{{hyphen}}4))</nowiki>}}.

**'''Note:''' CS1 citations do not record the total number of pages in a cited source; do not use this parameter for that purpose.

* '''at''': place in the cited source containing the information that supports the article text when a page number is not given, is inappropriate or is insufficient. Common examples include column or col., paragraph or para. and section or sec. Depending on the source being cited, other indicators may be appropriate to use with the {{para|at}} parameter including, but not limited to, track, hours, minutes and seconds, act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, etc. Examples include {{para|at|Column 2}} or {{para|at|Paragraph 5}} or {{para|at|Back cover}} or {{para|at|Act III, Scene 2}}.

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* '''edition''': Identifies the particular edition of a cited source when the source has more than one edition, such as "2nd", "Revised", etc. Note that this parameter automatically displays " ed." after your entry. For example, {{para|edition|Revised third}} displays as: Revised third ed. The edition parameter can be omitted if there is no content difference between two editions of the same work; e.g. if a book was identically published in the UK and the US except, for example, ISBN number and cover art, it is not necessary to indicate either "UK" or "US" edition; or if citing minute:seconds of a film available in both a regular edition and a "Special Limited Collector's Edition", if the running time and cut are the same, it is not necessary to cite the particular edition.

* '''series''': When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal where the issue numbering has restarted. For journal series, {{para|series}} should be limited to {{code|Original/New Series}}, {{code|First/Second/Third/... Series}}, or similar.{{refn|name="c17_14.126"|group="Note"|"Some numbered series have gone on so long that, as with certain long-lived journals, numbering has started over again, preceded by n.s. (new series), 2nd ser. (second series), or some similar notation, usually enclosed in commas. (A change of publisher may also be the occasion for a change in series designation.) Books in the old series may be identified by o.s., 1st ser., or whatever complements the notation for the new series."<ref>{{cite book |author=University of Chicago |title=The Chicago Manual of Style |edition=17th |year= 2017 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=14.126|location=Chicago |language= |isbn=978-0226104201}}</ref>

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For instance the journal ''[[Physical Review]]'', was numbered volumes 1–35 from 1893–1912 (the first series). In 1913–1969, the volume numbering restarted at 1 and went up to 188 (the second series). In 1970, ''Physical Review'' split into different parts, ''Physical Review A'', ''Physical Review B'', ''Physical Review C'', and ''Physical Review D'', where volumes again restarted at 1 (the third series). Since there are two publications identified as ''Physical Review, Volume 1'', there is a need to distinguish which is which by use of {{para|series|First Series}} or {{para|series|Second Series}}. While ''Physical Review A'' is in the third series of the ''Physical Review'' [[media franchise]], it is the first series of the publication known as ''Physical Review A''. Since there is no confusion about what ''Physical Review A, Volume 1'' could be referring to, there is no need to clarify to which numbering series the journal belong.

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For instance the journal ''[[Wikipedia:Physical Review|Physical Review]]'', was numbered volumes 1–35 from 1893–1912 (the first series). In 1913–1969, the volume numbering restarted at 1 and went up to 188 (the second series). In 1970, ''Physical Review'' split into different parts, ''Physical Review A'', ''Physical Review B'', ''Physical Review C'', and ''Physical Review D'', where volumes again restarted at 1 (the third series). Since there are two publications identified as ''Physical Review, Volume 1'', there is a need to distinguish which is which by use of {{para|series|First Series}} or {{para|series|Second Series}}. While ''Physical Review A'' is in the third series of the ''Physical Review'' [[Wikipedia:media franchise|media franchise]], it is the first series of the publication known as ''Physical Review A''. Since there is no confusion about what ''Physical Review A, Volume 1'' could be referring to, there is no need to clarify to which numbering series the journal belong.

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In particular, note that the {{para|series}} parameter is not to be used to distinguish the different parts of a [[media franchises]], like ''[[Physical Review A]]'', ''[[Acta Crystallographica Section A]]'', ''[[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B]]''.}}

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In particular, note that the {{para|series}} parameter is not to be used to distinguish the different parts of a [[Wikipedia:media franchises|media franchises]], like ''[[Wikipedia:Physical Review A|Physical Review A]]'', ''[[Wikipedia:Acta Crystallographica Section A|Acta Crystallographica Section A]]'', ''[[Wikipedia:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B|Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B]]''.}}

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* {{anchor|csdoc_volume}}'''volume''': For a source published in several volumes. This field is displayed in bold after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title parameter after the main title. Separate volume ranges with an [[En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , for example {{para|volume|I–IV}}. Separate non-sequential volumes either with commas or semicolons, for example {{para|volume|I, III}}. The form {{para|volume|I, III–V}} is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential volumes. For volume numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the volume number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.

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* {{anchor|csdoc_volume}}'''volume''': For a source published in several volumes. This field is displayed in bold after the title and series parameters. An alternative is to include the volume information in the title parameter after the main title. Separate volume ranges with an [[Wikipedia:En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , for example {{para|volume|I–IV}}. Separate non-sequential volumes either with commas or semicolons, for example {{para|volume|I, III}}. The form {{para|volume|I, III–V}} is used when you are citing both non-contiguous and sequential volumes. For volume numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the volume number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.

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* {{anchor|csdoc_issue}}'''issue''': When the source is part of a series that is published periodically. Alias: '''number'''. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. {{para|issue|2, <nowiki>''</nowiki>Modern Canadian Literature<nowiki>''</nowiki>}}. Please choose either {{para|issue}} or {{para|number}} depending on what nomenclature is actually used in a publication. If a publication carries both, issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example {{para|issue|2 #143}}. Separate ranges with an [[En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , and non-sequential numbers either with commas or semicolons. For numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.

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* {{anchor|csdoc_issue}}'''issue''': When the source is part of a series that is published periodically. Alias: '''number'''. When the issue has a special title of its own, this may be given, in italics, along with the issue number, e.g. {{para|issue|2, <nowiki>''</nowiki>Modern Canadian Literature<nowiki>''</nowiki>}}. Please choose either {{para|issue}} or {{para|number}} depending on what nomenclature is actually used in a publication. If a publication carries both, issue and number designations (typically one being a year-relative and the other an absolute value), provide them both, for example {{para|issue|2 #143}}. Separate ranges with an [[Wikipedia:En dash#En dash|en dash]]: – , and non-sequential numbers either with commas or semicolons. For numbers higher than 999, either do not use thousands separators or enclose the number in [[#Accept-this-as-written markup|accept-this-as-written markup]] to avoid commas being erroneously interpreted as list separators.

===External links===

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====Using |format= ====

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When MediaWiki encounters an external link URL with a '.pdf' or '.PDF' [[filename extension|extension]], it renders the external link with a [//example.com/document.pdf PDF icon] in place of the usual [//example.com/document external-link icon]. To make rendered cs1|2 citations that link to PDF documents somewhat more accessible, cs1|2 automatically adds a parenthetical PDF annotation so that those readers using screen-reader technology can know the type of the linked file. This is imperfect because some on-line sources redirect .pdf URLs to .html landing pages (this is common for PDF documents behind paywalls or registration barriers). Because the parenthetical PDF annotation happens automatically, editors are not required to set {{para|format|PDF}}, though doing so causes no harm. The {{para|format|PDF}} parameter may be deleted as part of a more substantial edit but editors should consider that many cs1|2 templates are copied from en.Wikipedia to other-language Wikipedias when articles here are translated to that other language. Do not assume that other-language Wikipedias use up-to-date cs1|2 templates; many do not so removing {{para|format|PDF}} here can affect readers/translators at other Wikipedias.

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When MediaWiki encounters an external link URL with a '.pdf' or '.PDF' [[Wikipedia:filename extension|extension]], it renders the external link with a [//example.com/document.pdf PDF icon] in place of the usual [//example.com/document external-link icon]. To make rendered cs1|2 citations that link to PDF documents somewhat more accessible, cs1|2 automatically adds a parenthetical PDF annotation so that those readers using screen-reader technology can know the type of the linked file. This is imperfect because some on-line sources redirect .pdf URLs to .html landing pages (this is common for PDF documents behind paywalls or registration barriers). Because the parenthetical PDF annotation happens automatically, editors are not required to set {{para|format|PDF}}, though doing so causes no harm. The {{para|format|PDF}} parameter may be deleted as part of a more substantial edit but editors should consider that many cs1|2 templates are copied from en.Wikipedia to other-language Wikipedias when articles here are translated to that other language. Do not assume that other-language Wikipedias use up-to-date cs1|2 templates; many do not so removing {{para|format|PDF}} here can affect readers/translators at other Wikipedias.

====Online sources====

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* [https://tools.wmflabs.org/dispenser/view/Reflinks Reflinks] Adds references to templates while updating/filling-in title/dates/publisher/accessdates etc.

* [https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/ reFill] open source version of Reflinks

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* [[Zotero]] can export citations in Wikipedia-ready format.

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* [[Wikipedia:Zotero|Zotero]] can export citations in Wikipedia-ready format.

* [http://tools.wmflabs.org/citer/ Citer] – generates shortened footnote or named reference for a given Google Books URL, ISBN, or DOI. Also supports some major news websites.

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==TemplateData==

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This section documents interactions between [[WP:TemplateData]] and tools which use that data to edit Wikipedia such as [[VisualEditor]] and bots. Before making changes to the TemplateData be aware of these interactions.

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This section documents interactions between [[WP:TemplateData]] and tools which use that data to edit Wikipedia such as [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] and bots. Before making changes to the TemplateData be aware of these interactions.

===[[User:InternetArchiveBot]]===

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: If URL is supplied, then the title cannot be wikilinked.

; The URL is not linked and shows in brackets.

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: The URL must include the [[URI scheme]] in order for MediaWiki to recognize it as a link. For example: <code>www.example.org</code> vs. <code>http://www.example.org</code>.

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: The URL must include the [[Wikipedia:URI scheme|URI scheme]] in order for MediaWiki to recognize it as a link. For example: <code>www.example.org</code> vs. <code>http://www.example.org</code>.

; A field is truncated.

: A pipe (<code>|</code>) in the value will truncate it. Use {{tlx|!}} instead.

Christoph Holtermann

Autochecked users, Bureaucrats, developer, Editors, Interface administrators, Reviewers, Administrators (Semantic MediaWiki), Administrators, Widget editors

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Help:Citation Style 1 (view source)

Revision as of 11:44, 12 March 2022

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