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→Mistletoe Lectins: added picture and a little lectin description
===Mistletoe Lectins===
===Mistletoe Lectins===
Mistletoe lectins are a member of the type 2 RIP (Ribosomal Inhibitory Compound) family, best known for ricin which has a much less cell specific binding preference and thus potent general toxicity. Lectins are agglutinins, meaning that they have the tendency to cause liquid blood to coagulate into a solid state in their pure form.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Cummings, R. D.)), ((L. Schnaar, R.)) | veditors=((Varki, A.)), ((Cummings, R. D.)), ((Esko, J. D.)), ((Stanley, P.)), ((Hart, G. W.)), ((Aebi, M.)), ((Darvill, A. G.)), ((Kinoshita, T.)), ((Packer, N. H.)), ((Prestegard, J. H.)), ((Schnaar, R. L.)), ((Seeberger, P. H.)) | date= 2015 | chapter=Essentials of Glycobiology | title=R-Type Lectins | publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press | edition=3rd | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK453065/}}</ref> The coalescing tendency of mistletoe lectins is thought of in Anthroposophic-Goetheanistic thinking to relate to the nerve-sense system ([[alchemical Sal process]]) which relates to '''crystal forming activity''', '''sensing and directing,''' and in a plant has its orientation in the '''root'''. Mistletoe lectins are found in high concentrations in the haustorium, its root equivalent, and have specific tumor apoptotic effects and immunomodulating effects on the human organism.<ref>{{cite book | date= 2019 | title=Vademecum of Anthroposophic Medicines. Best Practices for Mistletoe Use in Cancer Care. | publisher=Verlag der Gesellschaft Anthroposophischer Arzte in Deutschland | isbn=978-3-946951-06-3}}</ref> Steiner, long prior to the discovery of mistletoe lectins, gave indications that the mistletoe should be specifically harvested in two harvests, one containing the inner parts of the plant, and the other the outer part, and that these extracts be mixed in a specific way.
Mistletoe lectins are a member of the type 2 RIP (Ribosomal Inhibitory Compound) family, best known for ricin which has a much less cell specific binding preference and thus potent general toxicity. Lectins are agglutinins, meaning that they have the tendency to cause liquid blood to coagulate into a solid state in their pure form.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors=((Cummings, R. D.)), ((L. Schnaar, R.)) | veditors=((Varki, A.)), ((Cummings, R. D.)), ((Esko, J. D.)), ((Stanley, P.)), ((Hart, G. W.)), ((Aebi, M.)), ((Darvill, A. G.)), ((Kinoshita, T.)), ((Packer, N. H.)), ((Prestegard, J. H.)), ((Schnaar, R. L.)), ((Seeberger, P. H.)) | date= 2015 | chapter=Essentials of Glycobiology | title=R-Type Lectins | publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press | edition=3rd | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK453065/}}</ref> The coalescing tendency of mistletoe lectins is thought of in Anthroposophic-Goetheanistic thinking to relate to the nerve-sense system ([[alchemical Sal process]]) which relates to '''crystal forming activity''', '''sensing and directing,''' and in a plant has its orientation in the '''root'''. Mistletoe lectins are found in high concentrations in the haustorium, its root equivalent, and have specific tumor apoptotic effects and immunomodulating effects on the human organism.<ref>{{cite book | date= 2019 | title=Vademecum of Anthroposophic Medicines. Best Practices for Mistletoe Use in Cancer Care. | publisher=Verlag der Gesellschaft Anthroposophischer Arzte in Deutschland | isbn=978-3-946951-06-3}}</ref> Steiner, long prior to the discovery of mistletoe lectins, gave indications that the mistletoe should be specifically harvested in two harvests, one containing the inner parts of the plant, and the other the outer part, and that these extracts be mixed in a specific way.
[[File:Mistletoe Lectin.jpg|thumb|308x308px|Viscum album agglutinin (VAA-I) consists of two chains. The A-chain (white) with a molecular weight of 29 kDa and with N-glycosidase activity is a potent ribosomal inactivator. The sugar-binding B-chain (green) with a molecular weight of 34 kDa is responsible for the immunomodulatory effect of the molecule. Red colored parts of the B-chain indicate the sugar-binding receptors. (The picture was kindly provided by Madaus Ag, Germany.) Hajtó, T., Hostanska, K., Berki, T., Pálinkás, L., Boldizsár, F., & Németh, P. (2005). Oncopharmacological perspectives of a plant lectin (Viscum album agglutinin-I): overview of recent results from in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models, and their possible relevance for clinical applications. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2(1), 59–67. Published by Oxford University Press.]]
==== Structure of Mistletoe Lectins ====
Viscum album contains three lectins, differing in their specificity for glycoprotein sites on cell membranes. These are mistletoe lectin 1, 2, and 3 or ML-1, Ml-2, and ML-3. Mistletoe lectin 1 has had the most amount of research. Mistletoe lectins, as members of the type 2 RIP family, are composed of two protein portions linked by a disulfide bond. The A chain is a strong inhibitor of the ribosome, the cellular protein manufacturing organelle. The B chain has strong and selective binding affinity to carbohydrate molecules on the cell surface.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Hajtó, T.)), ((Hostanska, K.)), ((Berki, T.)), ((Pálinkás, L.)), ((Boldizsár, F.)), ((Németh, P.)) | journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine | title=Oncopharmacological perspectives of a plant lectin (Viscum album agglutinin-I): overview of recent results from in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models, and their possible relevance for clinical applications | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=59–67 | date= 2005}}</ref>
==Scientific Evidence==
==Scientific Evidence==